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KAYSĀNIYA (occasionally referred to also as Moḵtāriya), the Shiʿite sectarian movement(s) emerging from the Kufan revolt of Moḵtār b. Abi ʿObayd Ṯaqafi in 66-67/685-87, which revered Moḥammad b. Ḥanafiya (d. 81/700) as their imam and the Mahdi. Moḥammad was the third son of Imam ʿAli b. Abi Ṭāleb and Ḵawla,…

KĀZARUNIYA, a Sufi order (ṭariqat) so named after Abu Esḥāq Kāzaruni (d. 426/1035), alternatively designated as Esḥāqiya, especially in Turkey, or more rarely as Moršediya. Although the order remained functioning in its place of origin, Kāzarun (see kazerun) in Fars, until the rise of the Safavids in the early 10th/16th…

KĀẒEM RAŠTI, Sayyed Kāẓem B. Qāsem b. Aḥmad b. Ḥabib Ḥosayni (b. Rasht, ca. 1784-99; d. Karbalāʾ, 1844; Figure 1), student and successor of Shaikh Aḥmad b. Zayn-al-Din Aḥsāʾi (q.v.) and head of the Šayḵi movement.  The main sources for Rašti’s biography are some of his own works which contain…

KĀẒEM RAŠTI (Gilāni), Malek-al-Aṭebbāʾ Filsuf-al-Dawla (b. ca. 1820, d. 1905), one of the high-ranking traditional physicians in 19th-century Iran and the personal physician of Nāṣer-al-Din Shah Qājār.  His full name was Mohammad-Kāẓem, by which he is sometimes referred to in the sources.  Rašti’s date of birth is not known. But,…

KAZEMAYN (Kaẓemayn, lit. two Kāẓems), a suburban town in the northwest of Baghdad and one of the four Shiʿite shrine cities in Iraq, known in Shiʿi Islam as ʿatabāt-e ʿāliāt (lit. sublime thresholds).  It is named after Musā al-Kāẓem (d. 186/802) and his grandson Moḥammad al-Jawād (d. 219/834), the seventh…

KĀẒEMI, ḤOSAYN, painter (b. Tehran, Oct.26/1924; d. Paris, 1996; FIGURE 1). Kāẓemi attended Kamāl-al-Molk School of Art (Honarestān-e Kamāl-al Molk) and graduated from the Faculty of Fine Arts (q.v.) of Tehran University in 1945. Kāẓemi was part of a group of painters who started a modern movement in painting in…

ḴĀZENI, ABU’L-FATḤ ʿABD-AL-RAḤMĀN (late 11th-mid 12th centuries), astronomer, mathematician, and mechanist originally from the city of Marv in Khorasan. Ḵāzeni’s exact dates are not known, but the textual evidence allows us to assume that he flourished during the reign of the Saljuqid Sultan Sanjar b. Malekšāh (r. 1097- 1157), to…

KAZERUN (Kāzerun, also Kāzarun), city and sub-province in the province of Fars, west of Shiraz. This entry is divided into the following three sections: i. Geography. ii. History. iii. Old Kazerun dialect.

KAZERUN i. Geography Covering an area of 4,062 sq. km, the sub-province (šahrestān) of Kazerun is bounded by the sub-provinces of Shiraz to the east, Mamasani to the north, Bušehr to the west and southwest, and Farrāšband to the southeast (Figure 1).  Kazerun has been subjected to several administrative revisions within Fars…

KAZERUN ii. History  According to legend, Kazerun resulted from the merging of the three villages Nurd, Darist (Darbast, Daris), and Rāhbān (Rāhšān), which had been built by the mythical king Ṭahmuraṯ on the subterranian water channels (qanāt) of the same names that supplied the city with water (Ebn al-Balḵi, p….

KAZERUN iii. Old Kazerun Dialect The old dialect of the city of Kazerun was commonly used by the local people up to around the 14th-15th centuries.  Examples of the dialect are quoted from Shaikh Abu Esḥāq Kāzaruni (fl. 352-426/963-1033) in Maḥmud b. ʿOṯmān’s Ferdaws al-moršediya fi asrār al-ṣamadiya, written in…

KĀZERUNI FAMILY, an entrepreneurial family based in Isfahan, best known for their role in the textile industry, above all the pioneering Waṭan factory. This entry is divided into three sections: Moḥammad-Ḥosayn Kāzeruni; The Waṭan factory; After the patriarch. MOḤAMMAD-ḤOSAYN KĀZERUNI Moḥammad-Ḥosayn Kāzeruni (b. Isfahan, ca. 1855; d. Isfahan, 9 May…

ḴAZINADĀR (or ḵezānadār; also ḵāzen, pl. ḵozzān), title of the royal treasurer since the early Islamic period. The title Moʾnes-al-Ḵāzen, mentioned in the early 10th century as that of an associate of the ʿAbbasid vizier Ebn al-Forāt, may actually refer to the royal treasurer (Sourdel, II, pp. 387-88, 742). As…

ḴAZʿAL KHAN (Shaikh Ḵazʿal, also known as Moʿez-al-Salṭana, Sardār Aqdas), chieftain of the Banu Kaʿb tribe of Khuzestan (b. Moḥammara, 1861; d. Tehran, 27 May 1936). Ḵazʿal Khan’s rise to power. Ḵazʿal became the Shaikh of Moḥammara (Muhammarah), the present-day Ḵorramšahr, in June 1897, after his brother, Mazʿal, was assassinated…