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JULFA ii. The 18th and the 19th Century The Afghan occupation of Isfahan between 1722 and 1729 struck a most devastating blow to the Armenians of New Julfa. Although New Julfa, unlike the nearby Muslim villages, was spared total destruction and massive killings of its population, the Afghans looted the…

JULFA iii. The 20th Century The Constitutional Revolution of 1905-11 had a profound impact on Persian society as a whole. Armenians were actively involved in the constitutional movement. Most Armenian revolutionaries were members of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (A.R.F.; Hay yełapʽoxakan Dašnakcʽutʽiwn, abbreviated to Dašnak), which had been founded in…

JULFA iv. Architecture and Painting Architecture. By 1640 New Julfa had grown into an important cultural center of high repute with many public buildings, including churches, markets, and bath houses, as well as private residences and workshops. Four bridges over the Zāyandarud connected the Armenian settlement with Isfahan, and today…

JULFA v. Armenians in India New Julfa was important for the Armenian communities in India, although the presence of Armenians on the subcontinent predates the foundation of New Julfa in 1605. In the 17th century, Julfan merchants expanded their trade network in South Asia, and at the beginning of the…

JULIAN (Flavius Claudius Iulianus), Roman emperor (b. probably 331 CE, in Constantinople; autocrat from 3 November 361; d. 26 June 363). The present article deals only with Julian’s military campaign against the Sasanians up to his death. Among the participants in these events who left written testimony were Ammianus Marcellinus,…

JUNGE, PETER JULIUS, German ancient historian and Iranologist (b. 30 August 1913 in Bonn, killed 1943 in the Battle of Stalingrad). He attended school in Breslau and studied subsequently at the University of Vienna, but later returned to Breslau to study at its university the history of East Indo-European peoples…

JUNKER, HEINRICH FRANZ JOSEF, scholar of Iranian, Indo-European, Korean, and general linguistics (b. 26 March 1889, Offenbach/Main, Germany; d. 3 April 1970, Berlin; Figure 1). Junker’s interest in exotic scripts and in languages in general inspired him to take up Iranian studies. He often said that it was his training…

JUSTI, FERDINAND (WILHELM JAKOB), German scholar of Oriental, particularly Iranian, studies, comparative philologist, and folklorist (b. 2 June 1837 in Marburg-Lahn; d. 17 February 1907 in Marburg-Lahn). He was a descendant of an old Marburg family of theologians, pastors, and scholars. From 1856 on, he devoted his time to linguistic…

JUSTINIAN I (Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Justinianus), Eastern Roman emperor, 527-65 CE. Justinian’s rule was marked by several military conflicts with the Sasanian empire under Kawād I and Chosroes (Ḵosrow) I which he had inherited from his uncle and predecessor, Justin I (r. 518-27). Nor did the conflicts end with the…

JUYBĀRIS, a prominent Bukharan family dynasty, whose leading social position in Bukhara lasted more than 500 years. One of the foundations of the family’s status was spiritual. The Juybāris had Ḵᵛājagān/Naqšbandi affiliations traced back by their 17th-century biographer, Moḥammad-Ṭāleb Juybāri, from the family eponym Ḵᵛāja Moḥammad-Eslām (d. 14 October 1563),…

Untitled Document J ENTRIES: CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS   online entry caption text JACKAL Figure 1. Asiatic Jackal, Canis aureus. (Photograph © Fariborz Heidari) JACKSON, ABRAHAM VALENTINE WILLIAMS Figure 1. Portrait of A. V. Williams Jackson by his friend (Bakhmeteff, p. 180), the artist William J. Whittemore (1860-1955). Courtesy of the…

KABĀB (kebab, kabob, cabob), a popular dish which traditionally consists of meat cut in cubes, or ground and shaped into balls; these are threaded onto a skewer and broiled over a brazier of charcoal embers. After the kabāb is cooked, it is placed on a platter or tray and pulled…

KABIR-KUH, one of the long ranges of the Zagros mountains, lying between Iran’s two western provinces of Loristan and Ilām. Covering an area of 9,500 km², Kabir-kuh stretches 175 km in length and between 45-80 km in width (Jaʿfari, III, p. 978). Like all of Iran’s southwestern mountains, Kabir-kuh extends…

KABISA, Arabic adjective (and substantive, pl. kabāʾes) used in calendrical context; “intercalary,” “embolismal,” according to tradition (Ḵᵛārazmi, Mafātiḥ al-ʿolum, p. 130; Biruni, Tafhim, p. 222; Qānun, p. 89) from the Syriac feminine passive past participle kbišta “stuffed,” “pressed,” “intruded.” It comes into Persian and other Persianate languages through expressions like…

KĀBOL, a monthly magazine with the full title Kābol:ʿElmi, adabi, ejtemāʿi, tariḵi. The periodical was founded by the Kabul Literary Society (Anjoman-e Adabi-e Kābol), and the first issue appeared on 15 Jawzā 1310 Š./5 May 1931. In 1940, the Kabul Literary Society was replaced by the Pashto Society (Pašto ṭōlana) to…