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JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES OF IRAN x. Judeo-Persian Jargon (Loterāʾi) Loterāʾi is the secret jargon used by the Jewish communities of Iran and Afghanistan when they do not want the content of their talk to be understood by non-Jews. It is commonly called Loterāʾi, or a variant of it (Luftāʾi in Kashan,…

JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES OF IRAN xi. Music This entry is divided to two sections: (1) A general survey on Persian Jewish music. (2) Specific topics on the Jewish contribution to Persian music. (1) A General Survey on Persian Jewish Music This section is divided into four sub-sections: introduction, religious music, para-liturgical…

JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES OF IRAN xi. Music (2) Specific Topics on the Jewish Contribution to Persian Music This section is divided into the following sub-sections: moṭrebs, Persian classical music, instrument makers, and popular music. MOṬREBS Excluded from courts, mosques, and other locales of Muslim ritual, Jewish, Christian, and Zoroastrian musicians thus…

JUDEO-PERSIAN COMMUNITIES OF IRAN xii. Persian Contribution to Judaism While the Jews of the Parthian and Sasanian empires spoke (eastern) Aramaic, not Middle Persian, Persian influence on Judaism through the Babylonian Talmud (Bavli) is by no means negligible. The Bavli is full of Iranian words and motifs, such as the…

JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS This entry will be divided into the following sections: i. Achaemenid judicial and legal systems. ii. Parthian and Sasanian judicial system. iii. Sasanian legal system. iv. Judicial system from the advent of Islam through the 19th century. v. Judicial system in the 20th century. vi. Legal…

JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS i. Achaemenid Judicial and Legal Systems This article will address principally the sources of our knowledge of the judicial and legal system in the Achaemenid period, as well as the nature of the court system, which persons had standing to sue, and legal procedure. Substantive law…

JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS ii. Parthian and Sasanian Judicial Systems Parthian Period In regard to the administration and organizations of justice in the Parthian period, we are uninformed, except that, in keeping with Parthian tribal tradition, criminal offenses among family members—such as capital crimes committed by brother against sister or…

JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS iii. Sasanian Legal System Sources. Extant texts providing material on the Sasanian legal system encompass primary sources, including original documents from the Sasanian period, Avestan texts with Pahlavi translation and commentary as well as Pahlavi sources from the late Sasanian and early Islamic periods, and secondary…

JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS iv. Judicial System from the Advent of Islam Through the 19th Century This sub-entry is divided into the following periods: (1) Medieval Period. (2) Safavid-Afsharid-Zand Period. (3) Qajar Period.   (1) Medieval Period From the beginning of Islamic rule in Persia, both a secular and a…

JUDICIAL AND LEGAL SYSTEMS v. Judicial System in the 20th Century Twentieth-century Iran experienced dramatic changes to its judicial system during the following periods: (1) Constitutional Period. (2) Pahlavi Period. (3) Post-revolution Period.   (1) Constitutional Period The supplement to the Constitution (motammem-e qānun-e asāsi), enacted in October 1907 (see…

JUJUBE, ʿonnāb (Ar.; usually prnounced annāb in Pers.), the edible drupe of the jujube tree Ziziphus jujuba Miller (= Z. sativus Gaertn., Z. vulgaris Lam.), a spiny arborescent, deciduous brush or a tree of Rhamnacea family (for morphological details, see Browicz, p. 5), native to the East Mediteranean regions.  Trees…

JUKES, ANDREW, British East India Company surgeon and political agent (b. prob. Scotland, 17 December 1774; d. Isfahan, 10 November 1821). Dr. Jukes was a graduate of King’s College Aberdeen and received his Certificate of the Corporation of Surgeons in 1797, becoming Assistant Surgeon on 8 August 1798 and Surgeon…

JULFA, short for New Julfa, a large settlement on the southwestern edge of Isfahan, established by Armenian refugees in 1605. The modern town is still mostly populated by Armenians. i. Safavid period ii. The 18th and the 19th century iii. The 20th century iv. Architecture and painting v. Armenians in…

JULFA i. Safavid Period Origin, settlement, and population The original Julfa (Arm. ǰuła) is a very old village in the province of Nakhijevan (Naḵjavān), in historical Armenia (see ARMENIA AND IRAN). This village was established on a rocky strip of land, between the river Aras (see ARAXES) on the south…