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JOURNALISM IN IRAN i. QAJAR PERIOD The process of gathering, writing, and presenting articles for newspapers gradually emerged and developed in the second half of the rule of the Qajar dynasty, as newspapers began to appear increasingly, and a changing journalistic culture took shape. DURING THE 19TH CENTURY  For much…

JOURNALISM iii. POST-REVOLUTION ERA At the time of the 1978-79 Revolution, there were about 100 newspapers in Iran, of which twenty-three were dailies. Within two years of the revolution, 700 new titles had appeared, many of them political, such as Mojāhed (Holy Warrior), the organ of the leftist Islamic People’s…

JOVAYN, name of three locales. 1. Jovayn or Jovaym in Fars. A village in the district (kura) of Ardašir Ḵorra (a major admistrative division of Fars during the Sasanian and early Islamic periods; q.v.) at five parasangs (farsaḵ) from Shiraz on the road to Arrajān (Eṣṭaḵri, p. 133; Ebn Ḥawqal,…

JOVAYNI (JOVEYNI), designation of a family of men of the pen and statesmen of the 13th and 14th centuries in Iran. Men of this family held high positions in the government under the Saljuq, Ḵārazmšāh, and Il-khanid dynasties, and many of them held the position of ṣāḥeb(-e) divān (in charge…

JOVAYNI, EMĀM-AL-ḤARAMAYN, Abu’l-Maʿāli ʿAbd-al-Malek b. ʿAbd-Allāh b. Yusof (b. Boštanekān, near Nišāpur, 18 Moḥarram 419/17 February 1028; d. Boštanekān, 25 Rabiʿ II 478/20 August 1085), a noted Shafiʿite scholar of the 11th century. He was born into a learned family, and his early education was undertaken by his father, ʿAbd-Allāh…

JOVAYNI, ṢĀḤEB DIVĀN ŠAMS-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD b. Moḥammad (k. 4 Šaʿbān 683/16 October 1284), Persian statesman of the early Il-khanaid period and the younger brother of the historian ʿAlāʾ-al-Din ʿAṭā-Malek Jovayni (q.v.). He was known as ṣāḥeb(-e) divān (chief of secretariat, chief financial officer, vizier), a post he held from 1263…

JOVAYNI, ʿALĀʾ-AL-DIN ʿAṬĀ-MALEK b. Moḥammad (b. 1226, d. Moḡān, 1283), the governor of Iraq under the Il-khanids and the author of Tāriḵ-e jahān-gošāy, a major primary source for the history of Central Asia and the Mongol conquests of Persia during the 12th and 13th centuries. Jovayni has come under intense…

JOVIAN (Flavius Iovianus; b. in Singidunum [Belgrade] in 331 CE/d. in Dadastana, 17 February 364 CE), Roman emperor, r. 363-64 CE (Kienast, 1996, p. 326 with sources and literature; epigraphic references in PLRE 1, p. 461, s.v. Iovianus, no. 3; most extensively in Diz. Epig. IV/1, 1942, pp. 83-84). He…

JOWŠAQĀN (or Jowšeqān), a district in Isfahan Province in central Persia, best known for its carpets and for its dialect. i. The district. ii. The dialect.

JOWŠAQĀNi. THE DISTRICT Jowšaqān (جوشقان) is located at 65 miles northwest of Isfahan, where the western foothills of the Karkas Mountain range break down into plain. It lies on the local road that branches off the Isfahan-Tehran highway at Meyma and traverses the Qohrud Mountains to reach Kashan via Qamṣar….

JOWŠAQĀN ii. THE DIALECT Jowšaqāni, spoken in the township of Jowšaqān, is a variety of the local dialects of Kāšān, a subgroup of the Central Dialects (q.v.; see also ISFAHAN xx, xxi). Published materials on the dialect include Ann Lambton’s brief grammar and texts and glossary (pp. 43-78), and R….

JOWZJĀN, the Arabicized form of the Persian Gowz-gān(ān), a district of what was in early Islamic times eastern Khorasan, now roughly corresponding to the northwest of modern Afghanistan, adjacent to the frontier with the southeastern fringe of the Turkmenistan Republic. Vladimir Minorsky surmised that the Persian name was not an…

JOWZJĀNI (JUZJĀNI), ABU ʿOBAYD ʿABD-AL-WĀḤED b. Moḥammad, companion, literary secretary, and biographer of Avicenna (q.v.). Details of his life are scarce in the works of the bio-bibliographers. Indeed, most of them cite Jowzjāni only in passing, as a source of their entries on the life of Avicenna (e.g., Qefṭi, pp….

JOWZJĀNI, MIR JUJOK, a late 16th century literary figure given the title malek al-šoʿarāʾ at Balkh by the Shibanid (Šaybānid) ruler there, ʿAbd-al-Moʾmen Khan (r. at Balkh 1583-98). ʿAbd-al-Moʾmen commissioned him to write a court chronicle (perhaps inspired by his father, ʿAbd-Allāh Khan’s, commission of the great Šaraf-nāma-ye šāhi by…