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JIROFT iii. GENERAL SURVEY OF EXCAVATIONS For archeological accuracy the terms “Jiroft” or “Jiroft culture” employed to define a specific ancient Iranian culture and its artifacts should only be cited within quotation marks. All the artifacts known to date that are accorded the Jiroft label have not been excavated; they…

JIROFT   iv. ICONOGRAPHY OF CHLORITE ARTIFACTS In the region of Jiroft, a large number of stone (chlorite) vases and objects, carrying human and animal motifs inlaid with semi-precious stones, have recently been discovered. This discovery is of particular importance since little is known about the past of the region…

JĪVAKAPUSTAKA, a medical text in Sanskrit and Khotanese belonging to the Indian Ayurvedic tradition. It is preserved in a single bilingual manuscript, incomplete and without colophon, that was recovered from the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas (Qianfodong) near Dunhuang (q.v.) in northwest China and is now kept in the British…

JIWĀM (Pahl. and Pers. jīwām, jīw, jum, jām), “(consecrated) milk,” derives from Av. jīuuiiąm, gąm jīuuiiąm. It is the designation for one of the organic items—now a mixture of milk and consecrated water—used in the Yasna, Vīsperad, and Vendīdād high or inner liturgical rituals of the Zoroastrians. According to the…

JÑĀNOLKADHĀRAṆĪ, lit. “Spell of [the Buddha] Jñānolka,” the name of a short Buddhist text of the Mahayanist tradition containing two magic spells (dhāraṇī, q.v.) aimed at the protection and deliverance of beings. The only remnants of the Sanskrit original were found in Khotan: a fragment (SHT 4369 = [Hoernle] 142…

JOBBĀʾI, the name of two Muʿtazilite theologians, Abu ʿAli Moḥammad b. ʿAbd-al-Wahhāb (849-915) and his son Abu Hāšem ʿAbd-al-Salām (890-933). Abu ʿAli was born in 849-50 in Jobbā in Khuzestan (for biographical details, see Gwynne, 1982, pp. 7-31). He came to Baṣra as a youth, presumably before 868, where he…

JOČI (in Persian and Turkic also Tuši, Duši, ca. 1184-1227), the eldest son of Čengiz Khan (d. 1227, q.v.) and the ancestor of the khans of the Golden Horde (q.v., the westernmost Mongolian khanate), as well as of the khans of its successor states (the khanates of Crimea, Kazan, and…

JOMUR (also angl. Jumur), a small Sunnite Kurdish tribe of northern Lorestān. In all likelihood, it is related to the Jumur tribe of the Ḵānaqin area, which Cecil John Edmonds (1889-1979) identified as a branch of the Jubur tribal confederacy of Zummar, north of Mosul (p. 274, n. 2). According…

JONAS, Hans (b. Mönchengladbach, Germany, 10 May 1903; d. New Rochelle, N.Y., 5 February 1993), philosopher who significantly contributed to 20-century research on gnosticism (FIGURE 1). Life. Jonas was born into a Jewish family in Mönchengladbach, a city in the Prussian Rhine Province. He lived as a teenager through World…

JONAYD B. EBRĀHIM B. ḴᵛĀJA ʿALI B. ṢADR-AL-DIN B. ṢAFI-AL-DIN (d. 1460), a patrilineal descendant of Shaikh Ṣafi-al-Din (d. 1334), the founder of the Ṣafaviya order in Ardabil (q.v.). Jonayd played the central role in expanding the membership of the order by incorporating Turkmen devotees from Anatolia and Syria, who…

JONAYD-E NAQQĀŠ, a painter of the 14th century, known from one reference and one picture. Dust-Moḥammad Heravi (q.v.), in his preface to an album of paintings and calligraphy (H. 2154, Topkapı Sarayı Kütüphanesı, Istanbul) completed in 951/1544 for the Safavid prince Bahrām Mirzā, gives an account of painters of the…