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JERUSALEM AND IRAN. Twice in its long history Jerusalem came under Persian rule, the first time in the early days of the Achaemenid Empire in the sixth century B.C.E., the second during the westward expansion of the Sasanian state in the early seventh century C.E. Both periods proved formative and…

JESUITS IN SAFAVID PERSIA. The Fathers of the Society of Jesus were the first European missionaries to enter the Persian Gulf in the 16th century. Their pioneer was the Dutchman Gaspar Barzaeus (Berze, 1515-53) who was selected for this task by Franciscus Xavier (1506-52), the founder of the Jesuit mission…

JEVDET PASHA (b. Lofça [Lovech, central Bulgaria], 1237/1823; d. Istanbul, 2 Ḏu’l-Ḥejja 1312/26 May 1895), Ottoman writer, historian, jurist, and statesman. His original name was Ahmed (Aḥmad), but he became known under the name Jevdet, which was given to him by his tutor Süleyman Fehim Efendi (d. 1846) in 1843….

JEVDET, ʿABD-ALLĀH (ABDULLAH CEVDET, b. Arapkir, 9 September 1869; d. Istanbul, 29 November 1932), Ottoman poet, writer, translator, and thinker. He was the son of Ömer Wasfi Bey who belonged to the Ömer-oġulları Kurdish family. Upon finishing primary school in Hozat (Ḵozāt) and Arapkir he studied at the Military Middle…

JEVRI (Cevri), AHISKALI (b. Ahıska, 1805; d. Diyarbakır, 1875), Ottoman poet and translator. His first name was Ahmed (Aḥmad). He was a professional soldier. In 1855 he was transferred to Diyarbakır. In 1867 he became medically unfit for the army. In 1868 he was appointed vice-governor (mutasarrıf, Ar.-Pers. mota-ṣarref) of…

JEVRI, EBRĀHIM ČELEBI (CEVRİ İBRAHİM ÇELEBİ, d. 1654), Ottoman poet and calligrapher. Some of his poems seem to suggest that he was born some time between 1595 and 1600 in Edirne. He was brought up in the Mowlawi-ḵāna of Ḡalaṭa and in other Mowlawi-ḵānas. He studied with Shaikh Esmāʿil Ankarāvi…

JEWISH EXILARCHATE, the position of head of the exile, whose title in Aramaic was Resh Galuta. The exilarch was the head of the Jewish community in Babylonia in talmudic and medieval times; he was recognized by the Iranian government in Sasanian times as an ethnarch, ruler of the ethnic group….

JEYḤUNĀBĀDI, ḤĀJJ NEʿMAT-ALLĀH MOKRI (pen name “Mojrem;” b. Kurdish village of Jeyḥunābād, 1288/1871; d. Jeyḥunābād, 7 Jomādā II 1338/27 February 1920), an influential mystic whose stated mission was to collect and record the previously oral traditions of the Ahl-e Ḥaqq order and to rectify perceived discrepancies and inconsistencies within the established…

JEZYA, the poll or capitation tax levied on members of non-Muslim monotheistic faith communities (Jews, Christians, and, eventually, Zoroastrians), who fell under the protection (ḏemma) of Muslim Arab conquerors. It was retained and implemented in most of the Muslim world in a wide variety of ways, was strongly influenced by…

JIHOṆIKA, a ruler in northwestern India known to us from his coins and an inscription. On the obverse of his bilingual coins, his name is written in corrupt Greek legend as Zeiōnisēs. On the reverse, written in clear Kharoshthi letters he appears as the satrap of Chukhsa and son of…

JIROFT, name of a sub-provincial unit (šahrestān), a town, and a dam in Kerman Province. i. Geography. ii. Human geography and environment. iii. General survey of excavations. iv. Iconography of chlorite artifacts.

JIROFTi. GEOGRAPHY Jiroft sub-province. Located in the south of Kerman Province, the sub-province of Jiroft is bound by those of Kermān (north), Bam (east), ʿAnbarābād and Kahnuj (south), and Bāft (west). It is comprised of three districts (baḵš), eleven rural districts, and three towns (Darb-e Behešt, Jebāl-e Bārez, and Jiroft,…

JIROFT   ii. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT Jiroft is the regional capital of the middle section of the Halil Rud (q.v.) valley, south of the Kerman Province in Iran. The Halil Rud valley, oriented northwest to southeast, 400 km long, takes its source in the Zagros mountain range north of…