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JAVĀNRUD, a city and a sub-province (šahrestān) in the northwest of Kermānšāhān Province near the border with Iraq at about 110 km southwest of Sanandaj sub-province. Apparently it is so called after the name of the Kurdish tribe Javānrud, a dominant tribe of the area in the past, which is…

JAVĀNŠIR QARĀBĀḠI, JAMĀL (b. Ḵājalu village, 1773; d. Ḵājalu village, 13 April 1853), a leader of the Javānšir tribe and an office-holder in Qarābāḡ and Dagestan. He was born in 1773 in Ḵājalu village of Javānšir district near Dizak (in the present-day de facto Nagorno-Karabakh Republic). He was the son…

JĀVDĀN-NĀMA (also known as Jāvdān-nāma-ye kabir or Jāvdān-nāma-ye elāhi), the major work of Fażl-Allāh Astarābādi (d. 1394; q.v.), the founder of the Ḥorufi movement (see HORUFISM). The title, which can be translated from Persian either as the “Eternal Book” or as the “Book of Eternity,” has been transcribed here as…

JĀVID, ʿABD-AL-AḤMAD (b. Kabul, 9 Jaddi 1305/6 January 1927; d. London, 9 Asad 1381/31 July 2002; Figure 1), educator and scholar of Persian literature and history.  He received his elementary and secondary education in Kabul and then enrolled at the Faculty of Letters at Kabul University in 1943. At the…

JĀVID-NĀMA (Pers. Jāved-nāma), title of a Persian maṯnawi by Muhammad Iqbal (q.v.); it is often rendered into English as “The Song of Eternity.” The work was first published in 1932, only six years before Iqbal’s death. Being the longest and most carefully planned of all his poems, it is usually…

JAWĀHER AL-ʿAJĀYEB, a short, rare kind of taḏkera in Persian containing biographies of female poets and specimens of their verses (mostly in Persian, some in Chaghatay Turkish). It was compiled by Solṭān-Moḥammad b. Amir(i) Heravi (ca. 1562), known as Faḵri Heravi (q.v.; for variant names, see Rāšedi, p. 13), who…

JAWĀHER-E ḴAMSA, title of a Persian work on Sufi meditation practices composed by the well-known and controversial Šaṭṭārī saint, Moḥammad Ḡawṯ Gwā-leyārī (1500-63; Ernst, 1999a; Kugle). In the text he gives his full name as Moḥammad b. Ḵaṭir-al-Dīn b. Laṭif b. Muʿin-al-Din Qattāl b. Ḵaṭīr-al-Dīn b. Bāyazīd b. Ḵᵛāja Farid-al-Dīn…

JAWĀHER-NĀMA, the title of several Persian works on precious stones, gems, minerals, and metals, as well as on crafts related to them. Persian gowhar (or, in its Arabicized form, jawhar) originally means a pearl, but also a precious stone, a gem, or a jewel (Dehḵodā, s.v.). Although pearls, coral, amber,…

JAWĀLIQI, HEŠĀM b. Sālem, an Imami jurist and theologian of the 2nd/8th century. He was a close associate of the Imams Jaʿfar al-Ṣādeq and Musā al-Kāẓem (qq.v.). His nesba was derived from his vocation, which was the selling of woolen sacks (jawāliq < Pers. govāl, jovāl). He was also called...

JAWĀMEʿ AL-ḤEKĀYĀT WA LAWĀMEʾ AL-REWĀYĀT, the earliest and the most comprehensive collection of stories in the Persian language, compiled by Sadid-al-Din Moḥammad ʿAwfi (d. after 1232, q.v.), the author of the earliest preserved biographichal dictionary (taḏkera) of Persian poets. The title of the book varies somewhat in different manuscripts. For…

JAWHARI, ABU ʿABD-ALLĀH AḤMAD b. Mo-ḥammad b. ʿObayd-Allāh b. Ḥasan b. ʿAyyāš, 10th century Imami transmitter of Hadith (d. 1010). His nesba was derived from his profession, which was the selling of, and working with, gemstones (jawāher). It is not clear whether this was his family trade or he was…

JAZĀʾERI, NEʿMAT-ALLĀH ŠOŠTARI. Forthcoming online.

JAZI (Gazi), DARVIŠ ʿABBĀS (1847-1905), dialect poet from whom survives a divān in the dialect of Gaz, an oasis north of Isfahan. All that is known about him is based on the occasional references in his own poetry. His father was from Gaz and his mother, Māndagār, from Murčaḵort, another…

JAZIRI, SHAIKH AḤMAD, or Malâ-ye Jizrî, early Kurdish poet. Even today, very little is known about the earliest Kurdish poets. The oldest source of information on Malâ-ye Jizrî is a chapter by the scholar Maḥmud Efendi Bâyazidi, written at the request of Alexandre Jaba, Russian Consul in Erzurum, who published…