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JĀRČI-E MELLAT, a weekly satirical paper published in Tehran with long interruptions between 12 Šawwāl 1328/16 October 1910 and 8 Ḵordād 1307 Š./29 May 1928. It was suspended on numerous occasions, and the two papers, Jārči-e asrār (2 Ḏu’l-ḥejja 1329/23 Nov. 1911) and Jāsus (22 Rabiʿ I 1332/18 Feb. 1914;…

JARI, TALL-E, a Fars Province site named for its two closely situated prehistoric mounds, Jari A and B. The two mounds are located approximately 12 km southeast of Persepolis. Both mounds were initially excavated by Louis Vanden Berghe from Gent University in 1951 (Vanden Berghe, 1951/52, pp. 212-15) and then…

JARQUYA, a district located in the eastern region of Isfahan Province.   i. The district. ii. The dialect.

JARQUYA i. THE DISTRICT The toponym is known locally also as Garkuya, with possible components gar and kuh (cf. Jarquh in Yāqut, II, p. 63), both meaning “mountain”; the first component may alternatively have derived from Av. gufra-, ǰafra- (deep), inferring also “lower,” in contradistinction to Abarquh “higher/upper mountain,” with which…

JARQUYA ii. THE DIALECT The dialect of Jarquya, together with those of Rudašt and Kuhpāya to its north, belongs to the Isfahani (Provincial) subgroup of the Central Dialects (q.v.; see also ISFAHAN xxi). Only about half of the villages of the district have retained their idioms, namely Ganjābād, Siān, Yangābād,…

JĀSK, also written Jāšk (‘Jasques’ in English East India Company sources), a small Baluchi port on the Makrān coast with palm gardens. Dean William Vincent is credited (Mockler, 1879, p. 141) with having been the first to identify Jāsk with the toponym Badis mentioned in Arrian’s account (Indica 32.5) of…

JĀSK, also written Jāšk (Jasques in English East India Company sources), a small Baluchi port on the Makrān coast with palm gardens. Dean William Vincent is credited (Mockler, 1879, p. 141) with having been the first to identify Jāsk with the toponym Badis mentioned in Arrian’s account (Indica 32.5) of…

JĀT, a contested and ambiguous label for several non-food-producing, peripatetic, itinerant communities in Afghanistan (Rao, 1982; idem, 2004; Olesen) and the surrounding region (Akiner; Arnold; Berland; Berland and Rao; Ivanow; Pischel; Sykes). The Jāts are occasionally dubbed gypsy in ethnographic, historic, and travel accounts. In early post-Islamic Arabic historical records…

JĀTAKASTAVA, a Khotanese religious poem in praise (Skt. stava-) of the Buddha’s former births (Skt. jātaka-). It is entirely preserved in a single manuscript that was recovered from the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas (Qianfodong) near Dunhuang (q.v. at iranica.com) in northwestern China and is now kept in the British…

JAUBERT, PIERRE AMÉDÉE ÉMILIEN-PROBE (b. Aix-en-Provence, 3 June 1779; d. Paris, 28 January 1847; FIGURE 1), French orientalist who also served as interpreter and diplomat at Napoleon Bonaparte’s court. He studied Turkish, Arabic, and Persian languages for two years (1796-98) with Sylvestre de Sacy at the École des Langues Orientales…

JAVĀNMARDI, or FOTOWWA, denotes a wide variety of amorphous associations with initiation rituals and codes in the Islamic world, primarily in its eastern regions. They also refers to the ideological or philosophical underpinnings of such associations, namely an ethical system dominated by altruism, magnanimity, liberality, and unquestioning loyalty to fellow…