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JAMŠID ii. JAMŠID IN PERSIAN LITERATURE The name Jamšid often alternates in Persian poetry with the short form Jam in response to metrical requirements. It is also interpreted as such in some Islamic sources (e.g., Meskawayh, 1, p. 6; Balʿami, 1974, I, p. 130; Mojmal al-tawāriḵ, p. 25; Ebn al-Balḵi,…

JAMʿIYAT-E HELĀL-E AḤMAR-E IRĀN (The Red Crescent Society of Iran), similar to its predecessor, Jamʿiyat-e Šir o ḵoršid e sorḵ-e Irān (Iran’s Red Lion and Sun Society), a non-governmental humanitarian organization affiliated with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC).  The Federation, founded in 1919 to…

JAMʿIYAT-E MOʾTALEFA-YE ESLĀMI (Society of Islamic Coalition), was a religious-political organization founded in 1963 to propagate Ayatollah Khomeini’s vision of an Islamic-Iranian state and society and to mobilize the population to implement that vision. This society was initially entitled the Islamic Coalition of Mourning Groups (Hayʾathā-ye moʾtalefa-ye eslāmi; hereafter, Hayʾathā-ye…

JAMʿIYAT-E MOʾTALEFA-YE ESLĀMI i. Hayʾathā-ye Moʾtalefa-ye Eslāmi 1963-79 The Islamic Coalition of Mourning Groups was born almost two years after the death of Ayatollah Ḥosayn Ṭabāṭabāʾi Borujerdi in 1961. The absence of Bo-rujerdi, the uncontested source of emulation (marjaʿ-e taqlid) of Iranian Shiʿities, created a decision-making and leadership vacuum in Iran’s…

JAMʿIYAT-E MOʾTALEFA-YE ESLĀMI ii. Jamʿiyat-e Moʾtalefa and the Islamic Revolution After the 1979 Revolution, the “Coalition of Islamic Mourning Groups” changed its expressive and meaningful name to the rather awkward appellation of Jamʿiyat-e moʾtalefa-ye eslāmi (the Society of Islamic Coalition). This change went largely unnoticed in Iranian political circles. Each…

JĀN MOḤAMMAD KHAN, AMIR ʿALĀʾI, (b. Tehran, ca 1886; d. Tehran, 1951; FIGURE 1), brigadier general and commander of Khorasan army during the early Reżā Shah period. His father, Mirzā Aḥmad Khan Alāʾ-al-Dawla (q.v.), was a ranking state officer during the reigns of Nāṣer-al-Din Shah and Moẓaffar-al-Din Shah and held…

JANĀB (JENĀB) DAMĀVANDI (b. village of Aḥmadābād, Damāvand district, 1867; d. Aḥmadābād, 1973), popular name of Moḥammad Fallāḥi, a vocalist of the late Qajar period, who performed in religious assemblies. His father Mollā ʿAli, known as Mirzā-ye Moʿallem, was the personal tutor of Solṭān Morād Mirzā Ḥosām-al-Salṭana, a son of…

JAND, a medieval Islamic town on the right bank of the lower Jaxartes in Central Asia some 350 km from where the river enters the Aral Sea; hence the Aral often appears in geographical works as the “Sea of Jand.” The town is first mentioned by the geographers of the…

JANDAQ, a town and rural district (dehestān) in the Ḵor and Biābānak district (baḵš) of Nāʾin sub-province in the province of Isfahan (q.v.). The rural district. The rural district of Jandaq is located south of Dašt-e Kavir (q.v.) and in the northern part of the Ḵor and Biābānak district. It…

JANGALI MOVEMENT (1915-20), a movement that took shape in the aftermath of the 1905-11 Constitutional Revolution, under the leadership of Mirzˊā Kuček Khan Jangali (q.v.), in response to the period of political decay brought about by the advent of World War I and the occupation of Iran by Anglo-Russian and…

Jangnāme title Jangnāme (The Braves of Tangestān) genre/topic Epic language Persian performer Seyyed Mohammad Moheymāni instrument Voice composer   author/poet   first line of poem Be name Ḵodāvande bozorg recorded by   place of recording Bušehr date of recording   duration 5:14 source Epics in Iranian Folk Music, 2. Mahoor…

JĀNI BEG KHAN BIGDELI ŠĀMLU (or JĀNI BEYG; d. 26 Šaʿbān 1055/15 October 1645), išik-āqāsi-bāši (master of ceremony) and qurči-bāši (head of the tribal guards) under the Safavid Shah Ṣafi I (r. 1629-42) and Shah ʿAbbās II (r. 1642-66). Little is known about Jāni Beg’s background. Adam Olearius (p. 671)…