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JALIL, RAHIM, Soviet Tajik writer (b. 3 June 1909 in Ḵojand; d. 10 October 1989 in Ḵojand), Born into a family of shoemakers, he remained true to his class origins throughout his career. He became a teacher in 1927 after a one-year training course, but was soon drawn to journalism….

JALILAVAND, a small Laki-speaking tribe inhabiting the Kermānšāh and Lorestān regions, most of whom belong to the Ahl-e Haqq sect. Originating from Shiraz during the Zand dynasty, they were eventually displaced and many migrated to the areas around Kermānšāh. Hyacinth Louis Rabino (1877-1950) informs us that in 1905 some 200 or 300 sedentary Jalilavand families…

JĀLINUS (Galen), the Arabic form of Greek Galenos, the name of the illustrious authority on medicine of ancient Greece, a physician, pharmacologist, anatomist, philosopher, physiologist, surgeon, and author of a good number of medical works. His fame grew in the following centuries and he became the most influential figure in…

JALULĀʾ, the site of a major battle between the Sasanian and Muslim forces. This locale is a medium-sized town in the Diāla Province of Iraq, situated on the middle course of the Diāla River. In Sassanid times Jalulāʾ was the center of a subdistrict of Šāḏ Qobāḏ Province, later known…

JAM, name given to a religious ceremony performed among two important religious communities living traditionally in the same historical region on the Zagros Mountain chain, which for a long time has been located in the core of several Mesopotamian and Iranian civilizations. Today, the same region is within the national…

JĀM, a mountainous region on the way from Kabul to Herat, and a historically important village in the province of Ghur (Ḡur) in western Afghanistan (lat. 34°23ˈ N, long. 64°30ˈ E). Lying 45 km northeast of Šahrak, Jām is located on the barren foothills of the remote narrow valley of…

JĀM MINARET, pre-eminent 12th-century monument of the Šansabāni sultans of Ḡur in central Afghanistan. The minaret stands 65 meters high near the confluence of the Harirud and Jāmrud rivers in a remote mountain valley once protected by a series of defensive towers (Ball, 2002; Plate I). The first major publication…

JAM, MAḤMUD, titled Modir-al-Molk (b. Tabriz, 1258/1885; d. Tehran, 1348 Š./1969), prime minister under Reżā Shah. He maintained that his family had originally come from Kermān, while he also claimed to be descended from Shaikh Maḥmud Šabestari, the 13th-century mystic and poet from Azerbaijan. Jam received his elementary education in…

JAMĀL-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD b. ʿAbd-al-Razzāq EṢFAHĀNI, poet and painter of the second half of the 12th century. His exact name is given by his contemporary Moḥammad Rāvandi, who also called him Jamāl-al-Din Naqqāš (Rāvandi, pp. 33, 57, see the correction of Waḥid, p. jim). However, according to Ebn al-Fowaṭi (IV, p….

JAMĀLI ṢUFI, PIR YAḤYĀ, calligrapher of the mid-8th/14th century who worked in Shiraz in the 740s/1340s. He was reputedly a pupil of Aḥmad Rumi and of Mobārakšāh b. Qoṭb (Zarrin Qalam), renowned students of the master calligrapher Yāqut Mostaʿsemi (d. 1297 or 1299 C.E.), who is credited with canonizing the…

JAMĀLI, ḤĀMED B. FAŻL-ALLĀH (b. Delhi, ca. 862/1457; d. Gujarat, 942/1535), a Persian-speaking Indian poet. The information about his life is scarce. Jamāli was born around 862/1457 in Delhi. He traveled widely in Islamic lands, visiting scholars, mystics, and religious figures, with several of whom he formed friendships (Seyed-Gohrab in…

JAMALZADEH, MOHAMMAD-ALI (محمد علی جمالزاده)(Moḥammad-ʿAli Jamālzāda), a prominent Iranian intellectual and a pioneer of modern Persian prose fiction, and of the genre of the short story (b. Isfahan, 1892; d. Geneva, 1997; Figure 1). Jamalzadeh’s long and productive life spanned over a century in a vital period in modern Iranian…

JAMALZADEH, MOHAMMAD-ALI i. Life Early Life and Education. Mohammad-Ali, the eldest of five children, was born in 1892 in Isfahan. His father was the famed cleric and preacher, Sayyed Jamāl-al-Din Wāʿeẓ (Hamadāni) Eṣfahāni (1863-1908), whose family had come to Isfahan from Lebanon via Hamadān and Tehran. His mother was Maryam…