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JAKKADI, a dance style performed by Persian women, as documented in Sanskrit treatises of the 16th and 17th centuries. Jakkadi was introduced to the Mughal courts of India by Persian female dancers (Bose, 1970, p. 148). The earliest source that refers to Jakkadi is the Nartananirnaya, the Sanskrit treatise written by…

JALĀL-AL-DIN ABU’L-QĀSEM TABRIZI (b. Tabriz, early 13th century; d. Bengal, 642/1244-45), a prominent Sufi of the Sohravardiya Order. He started his education in Tabriz under Badr-al-Din Abu Saʿid Tabrizi. After his teacher’s death, he moved to Baghdad where he studied with Šehāb-al-Din Abu Ḥafṣ ʿOmar Sohravardi (539-632/1145-1234). Jalāl-al-Din stayed with…

JALĀL-AL-DIN ḤASAN III (b. 562/1166-67; d. 15 Ramażān 618/1 November 1221), Nezāri Ismaʿili imam and the sixth lord of Alamut. He succeeded to the leadership of the Nezāri daʿwa (‘propaganda’ or ‘mission,’ see DĀʿI) and state on the death of his father, Nur-al-Din Moḥammad II b. Ḥasan II (r. 561-607/1166-1210),…

JALĀL-AL-DIN ḴᵛĀRAZMŠĀH (I) MENGÜBIRNI, the last Ḵᵛārazmšāh of the line of Anuštigin Ḡarčaʾi, reigned in 1220-31 as the eldest son and successor of ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad. His Turkish personal name remains enigmatic, as no more satisfactory interpretation of the Arabic consonant ductus MNKBRNY has been seriously suggested than mengü birti (‘the…

JALĀL-AL-DIN MIRZĀ, Qajar historian and freethinker (b. 1242/1827; d. 1279/1872; Figure 5). Born at the court in Tehran, he was the fifty-fifth son of Fatḥ-ʿAli Shah (r. 1797-1834, q.v.) from Homāʾi Ḵānum, a Kurdish woman from Māzandarān with some education and influence in Jalāl-al-Din Mir-zā’s upbringing and pro-Western orientation (Ama-nat,…

JALĀLĀBĀD, a city, a valley, and an administrative unit of fluctuating scope within the Afghan state structure. The city is located in eastern Afghanistan at latitude 34°25′28″ N, longitude 70°26′53″ E, at 1,885 feet above sea level in the north-central portion of an elongated oval valley that stretches approximately 80…

JALĀLI, a Kurdish tribe of eastern Anatolia and northwestern Persia. Basile Nikitine (p. 162) believed that the Jalāli were Kurdicized Armenians. An Armenian connection was also suggested by Moritz Wagner (II, p. 232). The Jalāli of Anatolia have settled down in the vicinity of Diyadin, west of Dogu Beyazit (Blau,…

JALĀLZĀDA, MOṢṬAFĀ ÇELEBI, also known as “Koja Nişancı” (Ḵᵛāja Nešānči), Ottoman historian and administrator (b. Tosya, ca. 895-900/1490-94; d. Istanbul, 975/1567). It is surmised that he was born in the Tosya district of the city of Kastamonu. The eldest son of the judge Qāżi Jalāl-al-Din, he began his education in…

JALĀYER, ESMĀʿIL KHAN, a prominent painter of the Qajar era who lived during the reign of Nāṣer-al-Din Shah (r. 1848-96). He was particularly noted for his work in two popular though different genres of Qajar paintings of the period, irāni-sāzi (concentrating on Iranian subjects, drawing on facial features, make-up, costume,…

JALAYERIDS (sometimes called the Ilakāni by Persian historians), a dynasty of Mongol origin which ruled over Iraq, and for several decades also over north-western Persia, from the collapse of the Il-khanate in the late 1330s until the early 9th/15th century (Table 1). Its history can be divided into four phases:…