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JAHĀNBEGLU (or Jānbeglu), one of several Kurdish tribes transplanted from northwestern Persia to Māzandarān by Āḡā Moḥammad Khan Qajar (r. 1789-97, q.v.) at the end of the 18th century to protect the province from Turkmen raids (Fortescue, p. 316). Together with the Kurdish Modānlu tribe and the Turkic Usānlu and…

JAHĀNGIR, SĀLEM MOḤAMMAD NUR-AL-DIN, the fourth Mughal emperor, and the first of his dynasty to have been born in India (b. 17 Rabiʿ I 977/30 August 1569; d. 28 Ṣafar 1037/7 November 1627). His court remained strongly influenced by the Persianate political, cultural, and aesthetic traditions of the refugee Timurid…

JAHĀNGOŠĀ-YE JOVAYNI, TĀRIḴ-E, the title of the history of the Mongols composed during the years 650-58/1252-60 (Qazvini’s introd., pp. fd-fh) by the Il-khanid Persian vizier, ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Abu’l-Moẓaffar ʿAṭā-Malek Jovayni (623-81/1226-83, q.v.). It is the first major historical work to be written in Persian in the Mongol period, and an invaluable…

JAHĀNGOŠĀ-YE NĀDERI, TĀRIḴ-E (or Tāriḵ-e nāderi), one of the most important chronicles of the reign of Nāder Shah Afšār (r. 1736-47) by his court secretary, Mirzā Moḥammad-Mahdi Khan Estrābādi/Astarābādi (q.v.). It closely follows the conventions of Safavid historiography in its depiction of Nāder’s life and ends during the chaotic period…

JĀḤEẒ, ABU ʿOṮMĀN ʿAMR B. BAḤR (b. ca. 160/776; d. 255/868-9), the leading Arabic prose writer of the 9th century. His father, who may have been of East African descent, was a client of the Arab tribe of Kināna. Jāḥeẓ grew up in Baṣra, where he studied with a number…

JAHM B. ṢAFWĀN, ABU MOḤREZ, Islamic theologian of the Umayyad period (d. Marv 128/746). Documentation about him is scarce and not entirely reliable. He was a client (of the Banu Rāseb), but probably not of Persian descent, for his name seems to indicate that he, as well as his father,…

JAHN, KARL EMIL OSKAR (b. Brno, 26 March 1906; d. Utrecht, 7 November 1985), Czech Orientalist who specialized in Central-Asian history, Persian historiography, and Turcology; he lived and worked in Czechoslovakia, Austria, Germany, and the Netherlands. His father’s family originated from German Silesia and emigrated to the Austria-Hungarian Empire, first…

JAHROM, city and sub-province (šahrestān) in central Fārs Province, covering an area of 4,517 sq. km. The entire area includes four cities (Jahrom, Bāb Anār, Ḵā-varān, and Qoṭbābād), three districts (baḵš; Ḵafr, Kor-diān, Simakān) and twelve rural districts (dehestāns; see Ṭufān, p. 45; Wezārat-e kešvar, p. 32). It is bounded…

JAIPUR, city in northwestern India, founded in 1727 by the Kachhwaha prince (raja) and Mughal officer Sawai Jai Singh Kachhwaha (1688-1743), as his state began to slowly distance themselves from the Mughals with whom they had been close allies. Without Mughal permission Sawai Jai Singh was able to take control…

JĀJARMI, MOḤAMMAD B. BADR, Persian poet and anthologist. His father Malek-al-Šoʿarāʾ Badr-al-Din ʿOmar Jājarmi (d. 686/1287; q.v.), a poet from Jājarm, a small town in the district of Jovayn in Khorasan, had moved to Isfahan. There, Badr-al-Din entered the services of Ḵᵛāja Bahāʾ-al-Din Moḥammed b. Šams-al-Din Jovayni (q.v.), the governor…

JĀJRUD, a major river of the southern slopes of central Alborz (q.v.) in the Central Plateau (140 km long, basin of 1,890 km²), running from the mountains of Šami-rānāt at Rudbār-e Qaṣrān to the plain of Varāmin and eventually joins the salt lake of Qom (Daryāča-ye Qom), at about 89…

JĀKI, a group of Lor tribes in the Kuhgiluya region of eastern Khuzesan. They comprise the tribal confederations of the Čahārboniča (or Čarboniča) and the Lirāvi. The Čahārboniča, in turn, comprises the Boir Aḥmadi, Čorām (see ČERĀM), Došmanziāri, and Novi tribes. The Lirāvi, on the other hand, comprise the Bahmaʾi, Šir…