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IRĀN-E JAVĀN, ANJOMAN-E (The society of young Iran), a society founded in January 1921 by a number of young intellectuals who had received their higher education in Europe. It was initially called Soruš-e dāneš before assuming the name Irān-e javān. The founders were Ḥasan Nafisi, ʿAli-Akbar Siāsi, Mortażā Mošfeq Kāẓemi,…

IRAN-E KABIR, a periodical published in the city of Rašt by the political activist Grigor Yaqikiān (d. January 1951), first as a weekly, subsequently with three issues and finally four issues a week, from 16 Esfand 1307 to 9 Mehr 1309 Š. (7 March 1929 to 1 October 1930; Ṣadr…

IRĀN-E MĀ, a political newspaper published in Tehran, with long interruptions, from 21 Ḵordād 1322 to 23 Ābān 1339 Š./11 June 1943-14 November 1960. Its founder and chief editor was Jahāngir Tafażżoli (1914-90), but, starting in the sixth year, the ownership was transferred to Fāṭema Tafażżoli, since Jahāngir, then being…

IRĀN-E NOW, the title of two political newspapers published in Tehran during the second and third decades of the 20th century. 1. Irān-e now,the daily organ of the Demokrāt political party (Ferqa-ye Demokrāt-e Irān, also referred to as Ḥezb-e Demokrāt; see Ādamiyat, 1976b, p. 136; Āyanda 17, 1991, p. 566)….

IRAN-NAMEH, a journal of Oriental studies, founded in Yerevan, Armenia, in May 1993 by Garnik S. Asatrian as a scholarly monthly publication in Armenian language, dealing with various issues of the Oriental world in general, Persia in particular. As the first academic publication of such a character, not only in…

  IRĀN/LA REVUE IRAN, the first philatelic magazine ever published in Persia; it was published from Mehr 1302 to Bahman 1311 Š. (September 1923-February 1933) as the organ of Kolub-e bayn-al-melali-e Irān, a society founded by Naṣr-Allāh Falsafi (q.v.), the chief editor of the magazine, for the international exchange of…

IRANI, DINSHAH JIJIBHOY (b. Bombay, 4 November 1881; d. Bombay, 3 November 1938; Figure 1), prominent member of the Zoroastrian community of Bombay.  He was trained and worked as a professional lawyer, but at the same time he was also active as a philanthropist and scholar of Zoroastrianism and Persian…

IRANI, DINSHAH JIJIBHOY, Parsi notable and scholar (b. Bombay, 4 November 1881; d. Bombay, 3 November 1938; Figure 1). His grandfather, originally from Yazd, moved to India around the middle of the 19th century. His father, Jijibhoy, was an engineer, and his mother, Piroja Banoo, belonged to a family that…

IRANI, HUSHANG (Hušang Irāni, b. Hamadan, 1304 Š./1925; d. Kuwait, Šahrivar, 1352 Š./ September 1973), poet, translator and critic (Figure 1, Figure 2, Figure 3). LIFE Few literary scholars have shown any interest in writing about Hushang Irani’s life, and his antisocial nature has further added to the cloud of…

IRANIAN IDENTITY, a collective feeling by Iranian peoples of belonging to the historic lands of Iran. This sense of identity, defined both historically and territorially, evolved from a common historical experience and cultural tradition among the peoples who lived in Irānzamin, and shared in Iranian mythologies and legends as well as…

IRANIAN IDENTITY i. PERSPECTIVES ON IRANIAN IDENTITY Perspectives on Iranian identity have been influenced by competing views on the origins of nations. Three main perspectives, as ideal types or pure types, may be distinguished as answers to the question, “what are the origins of nations?” The first perspective reflects the…

IRANIAN IDENTITY ii. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD The idea of Iran as a religious, cultural, and ethnic reality goes back as far as the end of the 6th century B.C.E. As a political idea, we first catch sight of it in the twenties of the 3rd century C.E. as an essential feature…

IRANIAN IDENTITY iii. MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC PERIOD Following the cultural shock and the crisis of identity that occurred in the first century after the fall of the Sasanids, the urban literati of Persian origin began to reconstruct the cultural idea of Iran within the Islamic society. A modified version of the…

IRANIAN IDENTITY iv. IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES Iran entered the age of nation-building and nationalism of the 19th century with the legacy of a longstanding historical awareness and cultural consciousness of its identity. The new Western ideas (which had been spread in the West since the late 18th…