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HUNGARY ii. Iranian and Persian Studies in Hungary Iranian and Persian studies may be said to have had their beginnings in Hungary in the second half of the 18th century with the literary studies and translations of Count Károly Reviczky (1736-1793) and the poet Mihály Vitéz Csokonai (1773-1805). Reviczky, who…

HUNNIC COINAGE, coins struck from the late fourth to the early eighth century by successive Central Asian invaders (so-called Iranian Huns) of northeastern Iran and northwestern India in imitation of Kushan or Sasanian money. (See Plate I. Examples of the Hunnic Coin Series; identifying captions are given below, preceding Bibliography.)…

HUNS, collective term for horsemen of various origins leading a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle. They have been thought to have descended from the Hsiung-nu (also transliterated as Hiung-nu, Xiong-nu, meaning “the cruel slaves”), a nomadic people first mentioned in Chinese sources in 318 B.C.E. In order to defend against the…

HUNTING IN IRAN i. In the pre-Islamic Period. ii. In the Islamic Period.  

HUNTING IN IRAN i. In the pre-Islamic Period. Persian has two terms for hunting, naḵjīr and šekār, both of which have spread beyond Iranian languages. The first originated from a compound: *naxu- “first, top,” and *sčara-“what is to be chased,” giving the sense of “top quarry, i.e., quarry sought for…

HUNTINGTON, ELLSWORTH, American geographer (1876-1947), b. Galesburg, Ill.; grad. Beloit College, 1897; M.A. Harvard, 1902; Ph.D. Yale, 1909. After graduation, Huntington first worked at the small Euphrates College, Harput, Turkey (1897-1901). He visited Central Asia in 1903, when he was appointed by the Carnegie Institution of Washington to assist Professor…

HUR, name of a newspaper and a monthly journal published in Tehran.   (1) The newspaper Hur covered political issues and also carried advertisements. It began publication in Ordibehešt 1322 Š./May 1943 and continued until issue 19 of the third year, 2 Šahrivar 1324 Š./ 24 August 1945; but it…

HÜSING, GEORG, versatile German scholar who among other fields (e.g., German studies, mythology) specialized in Old Iranian and Elamite studies (b. 4 June 1869 in Liegnitz, Silesia; d. 1 September 1930 in Vienna). He studied Oriental languages and ancient history in Breslau, Berlin, and Königsberg, where he took his Ph.D….

HUŠT, a Zoroastrian-Persian term of unknown etymology, designating the area (in known practice a town-quarter, a village, or a group of villages) assigned to a priest called the hušt-mōbed. He performs, or arranges to have performed (when more than one priest is required), all the religious services needed by Zoroastrians…

HUŠYĀR ŠIRĀZI, MOḤAMMAD-BĀQER, university professor and author (b. 12 Esfand 1283 Š./2 March 1904 in Shiraz; d. 19 Mordād 1336 Š./10 August 1957 in Tehran; Figure 1). He was a descendant of the Weṣāl family, which was noted for its successive generations of poets and men of letters. His father,…

HUTAOSA. See ATOSSA.    

HUTH, GEORG, German Indologist, Tibetologist, Tugusologist, Mongolist, and the founder of Tibetology as a field of research at German universities (b. Krotoschin, Province of Posen, 25 February 1867; d. Berlin, 1 June 1906; Figure 1).  His significance for Iranian studies is due to his participation in the first of the…