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HOUSING IN IRAN. This entry examines the following main topics: (1) the growth of housing units during 1966-96; (2) the policies adopted in various development plans towards housing and the results obtained; (3) main characteristics of housing in Iran; and (4) investment in, and economics of, housing. The growth of…

HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, Sir ALBERT, authority on Persia, engineer and employee of the Persian government for over thirty years in the later 19th and early 20th centuries (b. 24 September 1846; d. Fenstanton near Cambridge, 15 June 1916; Figure 1). There is a lack of early biographical details. Some sources suggest that…

HOVEYDA, AMIR-ABBAS (Amir ʿAbbās Hoveydā), the longest serving prime minister in the modern history of Iran (b. 28 Bahman 1297 Š./19 February 1919; d. 18 Farvardin 1359 Š./7 April 1979; Figure 1). He was born in Tehran to a family of hybrid affinities and identity (Milani, p. 37). His mother,…

HUART, CLÉMENT (Marie-Clément Imbault-Huart, dit), French orientalist (b. 16 February 1854 in Paris, d. 30 December 1926 in Paris). He is especially renowned as editor and translator of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish sources and for his prolific works covering this vast linguistic area, from Morocco to the Turko-Persian zone. He…

HÜBSCHMANN, (JOHANN) HEINRICH, eminent German scholar of Iranian and Armenian studies (b. l July 1848 in Erfurt, d. 20 January 1908 in Freiburg im Breisgau; Figure 1). Hübschmann was born into the family of a mill owner. From 1868 he pursued philological studies in Jena (with August Schlei-cher), Tübingen, Leipzig,…

ḪUDIMIRI, a peripheral district and city of the same name in Elam, mentioned in the Assyrian sources only during the reign of Ashurbanapal. In 649 B.C.E., one Nabubelshumate, left his native sealand in the south of Babylonia and took refuge in the city of Ḫudimiri in Elam (R. F. Harper,…

HUḴT, monthly periodical published in Persian by Iranian Zoroastrians. The name represents the Avestan term hūxta meaning “Good word” (see HUMATA HŪḴTA HUVARŠTA). The publication started in Farvardin 1329 Š./March-April 1950 and continued until Ābān 1363 Š./October-November 1984. The license-holder, director, and publisher of this periodical was the physician Rostam…

HULĀGU (Hülegü) KHAN, fifth son of Tolui (and thus grandson of Čengiz Khan) and Sorqoqtani Ḵā-tun, and founder of the Il-khanid dynasty (b. ca. 611/1215, d. 19 Rabiʿ II 663/8 February 1265). His name is derived from the Mongolian word for “surplus” (see Pelliot, II, pp. 866-67) and was written…

HUMAN MIGRATION. This subject includes three types of human migration in modern Iran: (1) migration within the country; (2) immigration of foreign nationals to Iran; and (3) emigration of Iranians to foreign countries. i. Internal migration. ii Immigration. iii. Emigration: see DIASPORA viii and x.   i. INTERNAL MIGRATION The…

HUMATA HŪXTA HUVARŠTA, three Avestan words which encapsulate the ethical goals of Zoroastrianism. In form verbal adjectives, meaning “well thought, well said, well done,” they were substantivized to mean “good thought, good word, good act” (Narten, 1986, p. 86, n. 1). The Pahlavi renderings are humenišn(īh) hu-gōwišn(īh) hukunišn(īh). The earliest…

HUMOR. To make jokes and enjoy them is a universal human characteristic manifesting itself in all cultures and in many different forms. Taking into account both its psychological and its social aspects, humor has been described as “… the relief felt at the momentary lifting of one of the many…

HUMORALISM (ṭebb-e jālinusi/ṭebb-e yunāni), or Galenism, a medical philosophy that considers illness as an imbalance in the body’s four elemental humors (ča-hār ḵelṭ), which are identified as blood (ḵun, dam), phlegm (balḡam), yellow bile (ṣafrā), and black bile (sawdā). Each of these humors is believed to possess two natures: hot…