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ḤORR-E RIĀḤI AL-ḤORR B. YAZID al-Riāḥi al-Yarbuʾi al-Tamimi, a leading tribesman in Kufa, who obeyed the orders of ʿObayd-Allāh b. Ziād (see EBN-E ZIĀD) by intercepting Ḥosayn b. ʿAli and his party and leading them to Karbalā, but later repented and fought on Ḥosayn’s side. The first meeting between Ḥorr…

ḤORR-e ʿĀMELI, MOḤAMMAD B. ḤASAN b. ʿAli b. Ḥosayn ʿĀmeli, better known as Ḥorr-e ʿĀmeli (b. 8 Rajab 1033/26 April 1624, d. 21 Ramażān 1104/26 May 1693), one of the outstanding Twelver Shiʿite Hadith scholars of the Aḵbāri school (see AḴBĀRIYA) in the late Safavid period. He began his traditional education…

HORSE RACING. The history of horse racing in Iran can be traced back to the Achaemenid period. Xenophon—after describing the riders of different tribes, their saddles, reins, chariots, and the ritual sacrifice of horses to the sun god (Cyr. II, pp. 355-57)—refers to a race set up by Cyrus (Cyr….

HORSESHOES (naʿl), iron protectors for the hooves of pack animals (beasts of burden) and mounts. In Persia, as in southern Europe, both horses and donkeys are shod with them (Brockhaus Enzyklopädie VIII, p. 716). The horseshoes used in Persia are usually “made to measure” by hand, rather than by using…

HORUFISM, a body of antinomian and incarnationist doctrines evolved by Fażl-Allāh Astarābādi (d. 796/1394; q.v.), known to his followers also as Fażl-e Yazdān (“the generosity of God”). Its principal features were elaborate numerological interpretations of the letters of the Perso-Arabic alphabet and an attempt to correlate them with the human…

ḤOSĀM-AL-DIN ČALABI, ḤASAN B. MOḤAMMAD b. Ḥasan, Ebn Aḵi Tork (d. 683/1284), leading disciple and first successor of Jalāl-al-Din Rumi, who wrote down and edited his master’s original dictations of the Mathnawi (Maṯnawi). Information about the life of Ḥosām-al-Din is found in sources which aim primarily to narrate Rumi’s life-story…

ḤOSĀM-AL-DIN ʿALI BEDLISI NURBAḴŠI, Kurdish Sufi author of a commentary on the Koran among other works (d. 900/1494-95), and father of the well-known historian Edris Bedlisi (d. 926/1520). There is no information about his early life. However, Ḥosām-al-Din’s works attest to the fact that he was well educated and that…

HŌŠANG (Av. Haošyaŋha, Ar. Ušanj/Ušhanj), called Pēšdād (< Av. Para’δāta), an early hero-king, father of the Iranians and founder of the Pēšdādian dynasty in the Iranian traditional history. Information about him come from Avestan, Middle Persian, and Sasanian-based Arabo-Persian sources (Christensen, 1917, pp. 133-64 and passim; 1932, pp. 17, 42-43,...

HŌŠANG (Hōshang) JĀMĀSP, a distinguished Parsi scholar-priest (b. 26 April 1833 in Navsari; d. 23 April 1908 in Pune). He was of Bhagariā (q.v.) stock, a descendant of the famous Dastūr Jāmāsp Āsa (q.v.; d. 1753). His father, Jāmāspji Edalji, was the first to be appointed Dastūr (High Priest) of…

ḤOSAYN B. RUḤ, SHAIKH ABU’L-QĀSEM ḤOSAYN B. RUḤ B. ABI BAḤR NOWBAḴTI, also known as Ruhi, the third of the four “special vicegerents” (nowwab-e ḵāṣṣa) of the Hidden Imam. His vicegerency lasted from Jomāda II 305/November 917 (or a year earlier) to Šaʿbān 326/June 938. Although he is commonly known…

ḤOSAYN B. ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB, ABU ʿABD-ALLĀH (also referred to among Shiʿites as Sayyed-al-Šohadāʾ), the second surviving grandson of the Prophet Moḥammad through his daughter Fāṭema (q.v.) and the third Imam of the Shiʿites after his father and his elder brother Ḥasan. i. Life and significance in Shiʿism. ii….

ḤOSAYN B. ʿALI i. LIFE AND SIGNIFICANCE IN SHIʿISM According to most reports, Ḥosayn b. ʿAli was born on 5 Šaʿbān 4/10 January 626; another report mentions the middle of Jomādā I 6/beginning of October 627 as his date of birth. Jointly with his brother, he was at first brought…