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HEDAYAT, SADEQ i. LIFE AND WORK Sadeq Hedayat (Figure 1) was the youngest child of Hedā-yatqoli Khan Eʿteżād-al-Molk, the notable literary historian, the dean of the Military Academy, and a descendant from Reżā-qoli Khan Hedāyat (q.v.). Many of his family members were ranking state and military officials, both in the…

HEDAYAT, SADEQ ii. THEMES, PLOTS, AND TECHNIQUE IN HEDAYAT’S FICTION In 1930 Sadeq Hedayat published his first short stories in a collection called Zende be-gur (Buried Alive). A year later, he published a story called “Sāye-ye moḡol” (The Shadow of the Mongols) in a volume called Anirān (Non-Iran), along with…

HEDAYAT, SADEQ iii. Hedayat and Folklore Studies  In addition to his outstanding stature regarding modern Persian literature in general, Hedayat is acknowledged as a major contributor in twentieth-century Iran to the growing awareness devoted to the collection and study of various aspects of everyday culture, particularly verbal art. Since the…

HEDAYAT, SADEQ iv. TRANSLATIONS OF PAHLAVI TEXTS Sadeq Hedayat traveled to India in 1936 and stayed for less than two years while hoping to reside there permanently. In Bombay he began studying Middle Persian and some Pāzand with the Parsi scholar Bahramgor Tahmuras Anklesaria. Hedayat’s impression of this Parsi scholar…

HEDAYAT, SADEQ v. Hedayat in India Melancholic and gloomy, Sadeq Hedayat (Ṣādeq Hedāyat) sailed for India at the invitation of his friend and biographer Shin Partow (1907-1997), the Persian vice-consul in Bombay in order to review the Persian script of a movie that was being shot there (Hedayat, letter to…

HEDAYAT, SADEQ vi. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Works: Majmuʿa-ye neveštahā-ye parākanda, comp. Ḥasan Qāʾemiān, Tehran, 1965; Nāmahā-ye Ṣādeq He-dāyat, compiled by Moḥammad Bahārlu, 2nd ed., Tehran, 1995; Haštād o do nāma be Ḥasan Šahid-Nurāʾi, with commentaries by Nāṣer Pākdāman, Paris, 2000; (under the pseudonym ʿAli-Aṣḡar Soruš) “Šivahā-ye novin dar taḥqiq-e adabi (jeld-e…

HEDGEHOG (ḵār-pošt, juja-tiḡi, čula; Figure 1, Figure 2), member of the Erinaceinae sub-family of the Erinaceidae family of insectivores; animals the size of a small rabbit, the hairs of the upper body of which are modified and clumped to form stiff, sharp spines. A sheet of muscle beneath the skin of…

HEDIN, SVEN, Swedish explorer of, and prolific writer on, Central Asia and Persia (b. Stockholm, 1865; d. 1952; Figure 1). He was the eldest son of the city architect Ludvig Hedin and his wife Anna. His paternal family is known from the 17th cenury, when it took its name from…

ḤEFẒ AL-ṢEḤḤA, the first Iranian medical journal. This monthly journal was published between Ṣafar 1324/March 1906 and Šawwāl/November of the same year. Contrary to what E. G. Browne has written (Browne, no. 143), the journal had no links to the “Majles-e ḥefẓ al-ṣeḥḥa” (The Society for Maintaining Good Health), and…

HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH, eminent German idealist philosopher (b. Stuttgart, 1770; d. Berlin, 1831). Hegel belongs to the tradition of the German Romantic thinkers who revolutionized German thought and literature, and he depicts his position as the dialectical climax of the intellectual endeavors of civilized humanity. The influence of Iranian…

Hejāz title Hejāz genre/topic Vocal radif, Āvāz-e Abu’atā, guše, Hejāz language Persian performer Mahmud Karimi instrument Voice composer  Mirzā ʿAbdollāh, Radif author/poet Hāfez first line of poem Kiyāl-e ruye to-am dide mikonad por ḵun recorded by   place of recording   date of recording   duration 5:39 source Vocal Radif…

ḤEJĀZ, an important modal type (šāh-guša) of the Persian radif, constituting the second half of the āvāz Abu ʿAtā (q.v.; connected with with the mode Šur). In the radif of Mirzā ʿAbd-Allāh, it comprises the sequences (guša) Ḥejāz, Basta-negār, Yaquluna (Baḡdādi), and Čahār pāra, to which may be added Gabri,…

Hejāz, Bastenegār, Yaquluna, Čāhārpāre title Hejāz, Bastenegār, Yaquluna, Čāhārpāre genre/topic Āvāz-e Abu’atā, guše, Hejāz language   performer Nur ‘Ali Borumand instrument Tār composer Mirzā ʿAbdollāh, Radif author/poet   first line of poem   recorded by   place of recording   date of recording   duration 0:56, 0:56, 0:48, 2:30 source…

ḤEJĀZI, MOḤAMMAD MOṬIʿ-AL-DAWLA, novelist, short-story writer, playwright, essayist, translator, a government official and a member of the Senate (b. Tehran 24 Ḏu’l-ḥejja 1318/14 April 1901; d. Tehran 10 Bahman 1352 Š./30 January 1974; Figure 1). Son of a high ranking Qajar official, Sayyed Naṣr-Allāh Mostawfi, Wazir Lašgar, he received his…