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HEALTHIN PERSIA. i. Pre-Islamic period. ii. Medieval period. See Supplement. iii. Qajar period. iv.Pahlavi period. See Supplement.  

HEALTH IN PERSIA i. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD Health and medicine are clearly defined in Pahlavi literature in the philosophical and moral tradition already taught by the fifth-century B.C.E. Greek “father of medicine,” Hippocrates (Nature and Man, pp. 11-13; see Gignoux, 2001, p. 40), and after him by Aristotle, who, using the…

HEALTH IN PERSIA iii. QAJAR PERIOD It was under the Qajars that a centralized public health policy was introduced for the first time in Persia. Therefore, the history of developments in this direction is the most important focus of interest related to health issues during this period. The first significant…

HECATAEUS OF MILETUS, a Greek author from the city of Miletus in Asia Minor (fl. between 560 and 418 B.C.E.), who is the author of a geographical survey of the regions and the peoples in the Achaemenid Empire. He is considered to be the most influential of the early Ionian…

HEDĀYAT AL-MOTAʿALLEMIN FI’L-ṬEBB, the complete title of the oldest extant treatise on medicine written in Persia, which is also commonly referred to simply as Ketāb-e Hedāyat. Although it is not known exactly when the author Abu Bakr Rabiʿ ebn Ah-ámad Aḵawayni Boḵāri lived, he appears to have written the book…

HEDĀYAT, MOḴBER-AL-SALṬANA, MEHDIQOLI, statesman, author, and musicologist of the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods (b. Tehran, 7 Šaʿbān 1280/17 January 1864; d. Tehran, 22 Šahrivar 1334/13 September 1955). i. Life and work. ii. As musician.

HEDAYAT, MOḴBER-AL-SALṬANA i. LIFE AND WORK Hedayat (Figure 1) belonged to a distinguished family, several members of which had served as ranking officials under the late Qajars and in early Pahlavi administration. His father, ʿAliqoli Khan Moḵber-al-Dawla (q.v.), a son of the literary historian and courtier Reżāqoli Khan Hedāyat (q.v.),…

HEDAYAT, MOḴBER-AL-SALṬANA ii. AS MUSICIAN Mehdiqoli Khan Hedayat was also a great music lover. Apart from a book about musical theory, the Majmaʿ al-adwār (Tehran, 1938), we owe him one of the earliest complete notations of the repertoire of Persian music (radifs), which he wrote down by listening to one…

HEDĀYAT, REŻĀQOLI KHAN, Persian literary historian, administrator, and poet of the Qajar period (b. Tehran, 15 Moḥarram 1215/8 June 1800; d. Tehran, 10 Rabiʿ II 1288/29 June 1871). He came from a prominent family which traced its lineage back to Kemāl-e Ḵojandi, the well-known lyric poet of the 8th/14th century….

HEDAYAT, SADEQ (Hedāyat, Ṣādeq), the eminent fiction writer (b. Tehran, 28 Bahman 1281 Š./17 February 1903; d. Paris, 19 Farvardin 1330 Š./9 April 1951), had a vast influence on the next generation of Persian writers. i. Life and work. ii. Themes, plots, and technique in Hedayat’s fiction. iii. Hedayat and…