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HAZĀRA, the third largest ethnic group of Afghanistan, after the Pashtuns and the Tājiks, who represent nearly a fifth of the total population. Their name most probably derives from the Persian word hazār, which means “thousand,” and may be the translation of the Mongol word ming or minggan, a tribal-military…

i. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF HAZĀRAJĀT Hazārajāt, the homeland of the Hazāras, lies in the central highlands of Afghanistan, among the Kuh-e Bābā mountains and the western extremities of the Hindu Kush (q.v.). Its boundaries have historically been inexact and shifting, and in some respects Hazārajāt denotes an ethnic and religious…

HAZĀRA Figure 1. A procession of Ḥezb-e Waḥdat forces in Bāmiān during the celebration of the 7th anniversary of the formation of their party, 4 August 1996. Figure 2. Hazāra migrant workers in Tehran sharing a meal. Figure 3. Hazāra migrant workers in Quetta, playing a board game during a…

HAZĀRA iii. ETHNOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATION TRIBAL ORGANIZATION Apart from the scholarly work of Elphinstone (1815) and the writings of diplomats, officers, and travelers of the 19th century (Burnes, 1834; Moorcroft and Trebeck, 1841; Masson, 1842; Ferrier, 1857), among the best sources on the Hazāra tribal system prior to 1892-93…

HAZĀRA iv. HAZĀRAGI DIALECT (1) Hazāragi (native azoragi/azaragi), the language of the Hazāra living in Central Afghanistan between Kabul and Herat in the province called Hazārajāt and in northeast Persia in the areas of Mašhad and Qučān (s. Bābor-nāma, tr. Beveridge, p. 207; QJ 4, 1339/1960, pp. 201-15, s.v. Hazārajāt;…

HAZĀRASPIDS, a local dynasty of Kurdish origin which ruled in the Zagros mountains region of southwestern Persia, essentially in Lorestān and the adjacent parts of Fārs, and which flourished in the later Saljuq, Ilkhanid, Mozaffarid, and Timurid periods. It is often described as an “Atabeg” dynasty, although the line was…

HAZĀRBED (Hazāruft), title of a high state official in Sasanian Iran, from OPers. *hazārapati- “chiliarch” attested in Greek as azarapateîs [plur.] in a Hesychian gloss which defines it as eisaggeleîs “ushers, announcers” (Hinz, 1975, p. 120). The title occurs in the trilingual inscription of Šāpūr (Šābuhr) I on the Kaʿbe-ye…

HAZĀRSOTUN, the palace-complex of Moḥammad b. Toḡloq (725-752/1325-1551) at Jahānpanāh (Delhi). The original palace was built by ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Ḵalji (695-715/1296-1316) on the open ground between Qelʿā Rāy Peṯorā (the so-called first city of Muslim Delhi) and Seri (the second). Here, the last Ḵaljis held court and it was on the…

HAZELNUT (fandoq), the hard-shelled fruit of the shrub (or small tree) Corylus avellana L. (fam. Corylaceae), containing an edible kernel of high nutritious value. Terminology. The New Persian name (and probably Arabicized from b/fondoḡ), with vernacular variants such as Azeri Turk. fendekò, Gol. fandaq, and Māz. fendog, represents a Mid….

ḤAZIN, a small guša (melodic type) of the Persian classical model repertoire radif, placed at the end of a sequence of several gušas; in the navā mode, it is found after Bayāt-e rājeʿ; in Šur, after Qajar, in Segāh and Čahārgāh at the end of the guša maqlub, and in…

Ḥazin title Ḥazin genre/topic Vocal radif, Āvāz-e Afšāri, guše Hazin language   performer Mahmud Karimi instrument Voice composer  Mirzā ʿAbdollāh, Radif author/poet  Jāmi first line of poem  Del be ğamze-ye ḵunriz kešad Jāmi rā recorded by   place of recording   date of recording   duration 1:10 source Voice Radif…

ḤAZIN LĀHIJI, SHAIKH MOḤAMMAD ʿALI B. ABI ṬĀLEB (1103-1180/1692-1766), Persian poet and scholar, who emigrated to India in 1734. Ḥazin came from a family of scholars and landowners in Gilān and traced his descent back to Shaikh Zāhed Gilāni (q.v.). His father came to Isfahan as a student in the…

HAŽIR, ʿABD-AL-ḤOSAYN, (1895-1949), Minister, Prime Minister, Court Minister (Figure 1). Hažir was born in Tehran circa 1374 Š./1895 to Moḥammad Khan Woṯuq-Ḵalwat, a minor court official, civil servant, and constitutionalist (Ṣafāʾi, pp. 3-7; PRO, FO 371/24582, Bullard to Halifax, 24 February 1940, Report on Personalities in Persia, 1940). From March…

ḤĀʾERI, Shaikh ʿABD-AL-KARIM YAZDI (b. 1276/1859, d. 17 Ḏuʾl-qaʿda 1355/30 January 1937; Figure 1), an influential “source of emulation” (marjaʿ-e taqlid) as well as founder of the institution of religious teaching and guidance (Ḥawza-ye ʿelmiya) in Qom, an achievement qualifying him as a major figure in the 20th-century history of…