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HĀMUN ii. IN LITERATURE AND MYTHOLOGY In the literature and mythology of ancient Persia Lake Hāmun occupied, along with the Helmand/Hirmand River, a position of particular importance (Bartholomae, p. 9), especially in Zoroastrian eschatology (Nyberg, pp. 304-5). The Hāmun is mentioned frequently in the Avesta, where it appears with the…

ḤAMZA B. ĀḎARAK or Atrak or ʿAbd-Allāh Abu Ḵozayma, Kharijite rebel in Sistān and Khorasan during early ʿAbbasid times. He was of dehqān (q.v.) stock from southern Afghanistan, to the east of Bost, where there was a long tradition of Kharijite, anti-government activity. His rebellion began in the countryside of…

HAMZA NİGARİ (Ḥamza Negāri) Ḥāji Mir Ḥamza Efendi b. Mir Pāšā, Sufi and poet from Azerbaijan, who wrote in both Persian and Turkish (1220 or 1230-1304/1805 or 1815-1886). The sources differ concerning Negāri’s date and place of birth. After completing his education in the towns of Šaki and Šamāḵi in…

ḤAMZA-NĀMA, Also known as Qeṣṣa-ye Ḥamza, Dāstān-e Amir Ḥamza, and Romuz-e Ḥamza, a popular prose romance transmitted orally and written down at a time unknown. There also exists a version in verse called Ṣāḥeb-Qerān-nāma (Ṣafā, p. 379; Cat. Bibliothèque Nationale III, p. 394, no. 1905). i. General. ii. In the…

HAMZĀ-NAMA i. GENERAL The hero of Ḥamza-nāma is Ḥamza b. ʿAbd-al-Moṭṭaleb, whose adventures are thought to be a conflation of stories from eastern Persia about Ḥamza b. ʿAbd-Allāh the Kharijite (d. 181/797-98) and of Ḥamza b. ʿAbd-al-Moṭṭaleb, paternal uncle of the Prophet Moḥammad (Bahār, Sabk-šenāsi, I, pp. 284-86). The following…

ḤAMZA-NĀMA ii. IN THE SUBCONTINENT The Indo-Persian romance tradition, extending from the medieval period to the early 20th century, produced prose works of considerable literary and cultural interest, chief among which were many versions of the Ḥamza romance, as well as an indigenous imitation called Bostān-e ḵiāl. Persian-speakers began to…

Ḥanā bandān in Kermān title Ḥanā bandān in Kermān genre/topic   language   performer Group of women instrument Voices; Sornā; Dohol composer   author/poet   first line of poem   recorded by   place of recording   date of recording   duration 1:43 source Voices from the Land of Iran. An Anthology…

HANAFITE MAḎHAB, a school of Sunni jurisprudence named after Abu Ḥanifa Noʿmān b. Ṯābet (q.v.; 80-150/699-767), an early Kufan jurist and theologian of Persian descent. The Hanafite law-school (maḏhab) grew out of the ancient “school” of Kufa in which Abu Ḥanifa was a leading influence. Although he did not leave…

HANBALITE MAḎHAB, a school of Sunni law and theology named after Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal (d. 241/855) which was founded largely under his influence in Baghdad in the 3rd/9th century. Due in part to the discovery and publication of new sources bearing on the history of the school and, in part,…

HANG-EAFRĀSIĀB, the name of the cave in which Afrāsiāb (q.v.), the fugitive king of Turān, spent his last days. According to the Šāh-nāma (all reference are to the Khaleghi edition, IV, pp. 312-23), Afrāsiāb, having been repeatedly defeated by the armies of Kay Ḵosrow in eastern Iran, wandered wretchedly and…

HĀNIBĀL,ʿALI (b. Russia, 1891; d. 16 Esfand 1344 Š./7 March 1966), Russian-born Persian scholar and founder of the first journal of anthropology (majalla-ye mardom-šenāsi) in Persia. He was born into a Christian family of Arab and Lithuanian ancestry. He came to Persia in the early 20th century, where he converted…

HĀNSAVI, Shaikh JAMĀL-AL-DIN AḤMAD (b. 580/1184-5, d. in Hānsi, 659/1260-61), mystic, poet, and author. He was a senior deputy (ḵalifa) and close associate of Farid-al-Din (Bābā Farid) Ganj-e Šakar (q.v.; Mir Ḵord, p. 177; Moḥaddeṯ, p. 73), the leader of the Češtiya (q.v.) Sufi order at the time. Jamāl-al-Din was…

HANWAY, JONAS (1712-86), an English merchant who traveled to Persia and wrote an account of the trip which provides an eyewitness view of northern Iran during Nāder Shah’s last years. The son of a naval provisioner, Hanway spent several years in Portugal before moving in 1743 to St. Petersburg to…

ḤANẒALA BĀDḠISI, one of the earliest (possibly the earliest) Persian poets of whom we have any rec-ord. Neẓāmi ʿArużi (Čahār maqāla, ed. Qazvini, text, pp. 42-43) writes that someone once asked the adventurer Aḥmad b. ʿAbd-Allāh Ḵojestāni how it happened that he became ruler of all Khorasan, whereupon the latter…

HAOMA, the Avestan name for a plant and its divinity, MPers. hōm, Sogd. xwm, Pers. and other living Iranian languages hōm, hūm and related forms, Skt. soma, living Indic languages som, soma (Flattery and Schwartz, p. 68 with Table 3; Steblin-Kamenskij, 1972, p. 138 ff.; Idem, 1987, p. 377; Henning,…