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HALICARNASSUS, ancient town of Caria, near the present-day city of Bodrum, once seat of a kingdom which was a tributary of Persia. It was located on the Aegean Sea, in southwestern Turkey, in an inlet of the peninsula between the Sinus Iassicus and the Sinus Ceramicus. The famous historians Herodotus…

HALIL RUD, river in the Jiroft and Kahnuj dis-tricts of Kerman Province in southeastern Iran, which stretches a total length of 390 km at an average gradi-ent of 0.8 percent. It originates at an elevation of about 3,300 m, from the Hazār mountains in the borough of Sar-Mašk about 96…

ḤALIM, a traditional Persian breakfast dish for the winter, now served at lunch and dinner as well, made with lamb and wheat. It is usually seasoned with salt, pepper and cinnamon, and sweetened with sugar or honey. Cooking. The preparation of this dish is very demanding, and so it is…

ḤALIMI, LOṬF-ALLĀH b. Abi Yusof, an Ottoman poet and lexicographer of Persian origin (d. 922/1516). It is not clear when and where he was born and educated. Abu’l-Ḵayr Aḥmad Ṭāš-kuprizāda (p. 386) distinguishes him from another Ḥalimi of Kastamonu (Gibb, II, p. 267, n. 2). ʿĀšeq Čelebi, (fol. 89a) records…

ḤALLĀJ, ABU’L-MOḠIṮ ḤOSAYN b. Manṣur b. Maḥammā Bayżāwi, popularly referred to in Persian literature as “Manṣur-e Ḥallāj,” controversial Arabic-speaking mystic from Fārs, whose execution has been considered a major turning-point in the history of Islamic mysticism (b. Ṭur, Fārs Province, ca. 244/857, d. Baghdad, 309/922; Figure 1). Ḥallāj has become…

HALLOCK, RICHARD TREADWELL (b. Passaic, New Jersey, 5 April 1906, d. Chicago, 20 November 1980), Elamitologist and Assyriologist, whose magnum opus, Persepolis Fortification Tablets, transformed the study of the languages and history of Achaemenid Persia. Hallock earned a bachelor’s degree at the University of Toronto in 1929, turned to the…

ḤALWĀ (Ar. ḥalwāʾ, Pers. ḥalwā “sweetmeat”),a generic term applied to various kinds of sweet dishes and fruits (Ṣafipuri, I, p. 272). In Persian cooking, ḥalwā is a mixture of a starchy element (such as wheat flour, rice flour, chickpea flour, or crushed sesame), a fat element (such as butter, animal…

HĄM.VAINTĪ, Zoroastrian divinity “Victory.” Louis H. Gray (Foundations, p. 148) wrote: “Normally the distinctive epithet of Āxšti, Hąm-vaintī (‘Conquering’) is mentioned as a separate war-goddess in Yt. xi, 15; but the text here is doubtful, and the existence of the deity is highly questionable.” But the grammatical analysis as abstract…

HAMADĀN, province, governorship, and city located in the Zagros region of western Persia. i. Geography. ii. Population. iii. Historical geography. iv. Urban plan. v. History, pre-Islamic period. See ECBATANA. vi. History, Islamic period. vii. Monuments. viii. Jewish community. ix. Jewish dialect.

HAMADĀN i. GEOGRAPHY Hamadān is one of the western provinces of Persia, situated to the southwest of Tehran between latitudes 33°59’ and 35°48’ north and longitudes 47°34’ and 49°36’ east. The city of Hamadān (the capital of the province) is located at 37°47’ N and 48°30’ E, at an altitude…

HAMADĀN ii. POPULATION This article is divided into two sections: (1) population of Hamadān province; and (2) population of Hamadān city. 1. HAMADĀN PROVINCE Population and its fluctuations. Between 1956 and 1996, the population of this province has increased 2.41 times, rising from 695,283 to 1,667,957 (compared with 3.17 times…

HAMADĀN iii. HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY The city of Hamadān lies at the extreme northwest of the series of major urban sites stretching along the line of contact between the Zagros range and the central plateau. While travel is easy from the plateau northwards to Qazvin, Zanjān, and Tabriz, the two routes…

HAMADĀN iv. HAMADĀN URBAN PLAN Hamadān is the only city in Persia which has a star-shaped urban design, with six boulevards and a network of avenues autonomously branching out in various directions from the circular city center. This is not unlike the old cities of Firuzābād and Baghdad (qq.v.), although…

HAMADĀN ix. JEWISH DIALECT Introduction. The dialect spoken by the Jews of Hamadān (henceforth HJ) and a close variant spoken by the Jews of Tuyserkān (TJ; see Affiliations and Variantsbelow) belong to the Central Plateau Dialect (CPD) group of Northwestern Iranian languages (NWI), as opposed to Southwestern Iranian (SWI; e.g.,…