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HA-GE’ULLAH, Judeo-Persian weekly newspaper published in Tehran between 1920 and 1923. Ha-Ge’ullah is a Hebrew term meaning redemption and deliverance, and it denotes a well-known concept in Judaism which bears mostly religious connotations regarding the redemption of the Jewish people. It is the opposite of the concept of Gālut, which…

HAAS, WILLIAM S. (also Wilhelm, Willy; b. Nuremberg, Germany, 13 July 1883; d. New York, 3 January 1956), German-born Iranist, advisor to the Iranian ministry of education and a pioneer of Iranian studies in the United States. Haas studied in Munich, Berlin, and Vienna, receiving his Dr. Phil. from the…

ḤABAQUQ (or Habakkuk), TOMB OF. According to local traditions, the tomb of the prophet Ḥabaquq (boqʿa-ye Ḥabaquq [sometimes written: Ḥayaquq]) is situated in a monument located 1 km south of Tuyserkān in western Persia. The monument itself, which serves as a local pilgrimage destination, is also referred to simply as…

ḤABIB AL-ESLĀM. Persian-language weekly newspaper published in Kabul. It replaced Amān-e afḡān, following the advent of (Ḥabib-Allāh) Bačča-ye Saqqā (q.v.). A total of thirty-one issues of Ḥabib-al-eslām appeared between 9 Ḥut 1307 Š./ 28 February 1929 and 10 Mizān 1308 Š./ 1 December 1929. The editors were Ḡolām Moḥey-al-Din, Sayyed…

ḤABIB EṢFAHĀNI, Mirzā, Iranian poet, grammarian and translator, who spent much of his life in exile in Ottoman Turkey (1835-93; Figure 1). Born in Ben, in the Baḵ-tiāri region of Iran, in 1251/1835, he began his studies in Sāmān before leaving for Tehran. He later spent four years in Baghdad,…

ḤABIB-ALLĀH, amir, monarch who initiated modernization in Afghanistan (b. 1872, d. 1919). For a historical account of his reign (1901-19), see AFGHANISTAN x. When Amir Ḥabib-Allāh ascended the throne, taking the title Serāj al-mellat wa ʾl-din (“Lantern of the Na-tion and Religion”) he inherited a country at peace. He granted an…

ḤABIB-ALLĀH ḴORĀSĀNI, Hājj Mirzā, an enlightened religious scholar of Mašhad and a poet (b. Mašhad, 1266/1850; d. Mašhad, 27 Šaʿbān 1327/12 September 1909). After studying preliminary religious sciences in his birthplace he traveled to Iraq to pursue his studies. He learned French there and in Baghdad met a number of…

ḤABIB-ALLĀH SĀVAJI, one of the more conservative artists active during the reign of Shah ʿAbbās I (995-1039/1587-1628; Figure 1). He signed his art and drawings as Ḥabib, Ḥabib-Allāh, or Mašhadi Ḥabib-Allāh. All we know about him, besides his paintings, is the brief note by his contemporary Qāżi Aḥmad, who, writing…

ḤABIBIYA SCHOOL, an elite high school for boys established in 1321/1903 in Kabul and named after its founder, Amir Ḥabib-Allāh (q.v.; r. 1901-19). Originally established as a madrasa (q.v. EDUCATION), after World War II it became known as “the Ḥabibiya Lycée” (Lisa-ye Ḥabibiya). Its curriculum was modeled on that of…

ḤABLAL-MATIN (lit. strong cord), name of three newspapers published in Calcutta, Tehran, and Rašt. 1. One of the most illustrious and influential newspapers in the Persian language, the weekly Ḥabl al-matin was published in Calcutta, with occasional long interruptions, from 10 Jomādā II 1311/19 December 1893 until 18 Āḏar 1309…

ḤABLARUD, river in Damāvand and Garmsār districts (qq.v) of Semnān province in northern Persia. It originates from the peaks of the mountains Sāʾo, Šāh-Moḥammad and Homā, which are located approximately 30 km to the North East of Firuzkuh (q.v.). It flows in a southwestern direction overall, covering a total length…

HADAF EDUCATIONAL GROUP (Goruh-e Farhangi-e Hadaf). A pioneering private educational complex founded in Tehran in 1949-50 by Aḥmad Birašk and a number of well-known high school teachers of mathematics and natural sciences, including Aḥmad Anwāri, Taqi Hurfar, ʿAli Motemadden, and Aḥmad Reżāqoli-zāda. Hadaf (lit. goal) was also an acronym for…

ḤADĀʾEQ AL-SEḤR, shortened title of the famous treatise Ḥadāʾeq al-seḥr fi daqāʾeq al-šeʿr (“Gardens of Magic in the Subtleties of Poetry”), written by Amir Rašid-al-Din Moḥammad ʿOmari, widely known as Rašid(-e) Waṭwāt (d. 578/1182-83). Being the second Persian treatise on ʿelm al-badiʿ (rhetorical embellishments, see BADèʿ), it has among its…

HĀDI ḤASAN, (b. Hyderabad, 3 September 1894; d. Aligarh, 23 May 1963), Indian scholar of Persian literature. His father was a distinguished member of the Hyderabad State Administrative Service. His mother was Persian by birth, and hence he spoke Persian fluently from childhood. After receiving his early education in Hyderabad,…