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GOTTHEIL, RICHARD JAMES HORATIO (b. 13 October 1862, Manchester, UK; d. 22 May 1936, New York City), a prolific scholar, an important academic teacher and administrator, as well as an influential public intellectual (FIGURE 1). Gottheil was professor of Semitic languages and rabbinical literature at Columbia University (1887-1936) and the…

GÖTTINGEN, UNIVERSITY OF, HISTORY OF IRANIAN STUDIES. The University of Göttingen holds one of the four chairs of Iranology in Germany (besides Bamberg, Berlin, and Hamburg), and has been considered one of the most important and prestigious centers of Iranian studies throughout the 20th century to this day. Although a…

GOUVEA, ANTONIO DE (b. Beja, Portugal, 1575; d. Manzanares, Spain, 1628), Augustinian missionary and Portuguese envoy who visited Persia three times between 1602 and 1613 and who wrote on Persia. De Gouvea first visited Persia in 1602 on the order of the archbishop of Goa, Aleixo de Menzes, who had…

GOWHAR, a cultural journal published monthly from Bahman 1351/January 1973 to Day 1357/December 1978 (issue no. 72). It was a publication of the philanthropic organization of Mortażā Nuriāni, whose board of trustees was headed by Manučher Eqbāl (q.v.) and whose secretary-general was Noṣrat-Allāh Kāsemi, a friend of Eqbāl. Mortażā Kāmrān…

GOWHAR ḴĀTUN, a Saljuq princess who became the second wife of the Ghaznavid Sultan Masʿud III (r. 492-508/1099-1115). Because the Saljuq Sultan Malekšāh (q.v.) sent her from Ray to Ḡazna with a lavish wedding cortège, on which his vizier Neẓām-al-Molk had expended 100,000 dinars, she is known in the sources…

GOWHAR-ĀʾĪN, Saʿd-al-dawla, Turkish eunuch slave commander of the Great Saljuqs (d. 493/1100). In his early life he had been a slave (mamluk) of the Buyid ruler of Iraq, Abu Kālijār b. Solṭān-al-Dawla, but passed into the service of the Saljuqs (Ebn al-Jawzi, Montaẓam IX, p. 115; Ebn al-Aṯir, Beirut, X,…

GOWHAR-ŠĀD ĀḠĀ, wife of Sultan Šāhroḵ b. Timur (r. 811-50/1409-47) and daughter of Ḡiāṯ-al-Din Tarḵān, a ranking amir under Timur. Ḡiāṯ-al-Din, who traced his honorary title, Tarḵān, from a grant received by his ancestor, Qešleq, from Čengiz Khan (q.v.), had married two more daughters into Timur’s family (Manz, p. 186,…

GOWHAR-ŠĀD MOSQUE. Since its construction in the early 15th century, the Gowhar-šād Mosque has served as the Friday mosque for pilgrims to the tomb of Imam ʿAli al-Reżā (q.v.) in Mašhad, so named after this famous shrine. Over the centuries many new buildings were added to the shrine complex, but…

GOWHARIN, SAYYED SĀDEQ (b. Tehran, 1914; d. Tehran, December 1995; Figure 1), scholar of Sufism and professor at the University of Tehran. He attended primary schools in Tehran and completed his secondary education at Alborz College (q.v.). In 1924 he enrolled at the Dāneš-sarā-ye ʿĀli (see EDUCATION xix) and took…