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GŌMĒZ (cow’s urine), a Pahlavi term which renders Av. gaomaēza- and gə̄uš maēsman- (AirWb., cols. 483, 1108). Urine, with its ammonia content, has been used by many peoples as a disinfectant, and Vidēvdād 8.13 enjoins that for this purpose it should be that “of small cattle or large cattle” (pasvąm…

GOMIŠĀN, a district in the Golestān Province. See GORGĀN.

GONĀBĀD, a town and a sub-province (šahrestān) in the province of Khorasan. The sub-province, situated to the northeast of the mountains Kamarzard (peak, 2,578 m), Kalāt (peak, 2,446 m), and Siāhkuh (peak, 2,857), is bounded on the north by the sub-provinces of Torbat-e Ḥaydariya and Kāšmar, on the west by…

GONĀBĀDI ORDER, an offshoot of the Neʿmat-Allāhi Sufi order, still active in Persia. The designation Gonābādi refers to the Gonābād (q.v.) region of Khorasan, where Bidoḵt, the place of residence of the founding figure, Mollā Solṭān Moḥammad Solṭān-ʿAlišāh, and subsequently center of the order, is located. The order is sometimes…

GONĀBĀDI (or Jonābādi), ʿEMĀD-AL-DIN MOḤAMMAD b. Zayn-al-ʿĀbedin b. Neẓām-al-Din Moḥammad (b. 19 Šawwāl 817/2 January 1415), Timurid financial officer and vizier. He belonged to a sayyed family from Gonābād, a village in the Qohestān region (Faṣiḥ, III, pp. 97, 149, 214; Maṭlaʿ-e saʿdayn, ed. Šafiʿ, II/1, p. 288). According to…

GONBAD-E QĀBUS (KĀVUS), city and sub-province in the Golestān Province. i. Geography. ii. Population. iii. Monument.   i. GEOGRAPHY The city of Gonbad-e Qābus (now referred to officially as Gonbad-e Kāvus) is the administrative center of the sub-province (šahrestān) of the same name and the urban center of the Turkman…

GONBAD-E SORḴ, the “Red Tomb” (also known as Gonbad-e Qermez) is the earliest of five medieval mausolea located in Marāḡa in Azerbaijan (Figure 1). The others are an unnamed circular tomb (563/1168-69), Gonbad-e Kabud (593/1196), Gonbad-e Ḡaffāriya (ca. 728/1328), and Joi Borj (ca. 730/1330). An inscription on the north side…

GONDĒŠĀPUR i.The city. ii. History and medical school. i. THE CITY In the Sasanian epoch, Gondēšāpur was one of the four major cities of Ḵuzestān, the other three being Karḵa (Ērān-xwarrah-Šābuhr, q.v.), Susa, and Šuštar. The extensive irrigation systems developed there by the early Sasanians were probably aimed at supplying…

GONDOPHARES (OPers. Vindafarnah- “May he find glory”), Indo-Parthian king (20-46 C.E.) in Drangiana, Arachosia (qq.v.), and especially in the Punjab. He is known from the apocryphal Acts of Thomas, the Takht-i Bahi inscription, and coin-issues in silver and copper. Thomas, the Christian “apostle to India,” a carpenter, was after the…