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GINDAROS, present-day Jendīres, a town in the ancient region of Cyrrhestike in Syria (Strabo, Geography 16.2.8; Pliny, Natural History 5.19.81; Theodoret in the 5th century calls it a village; cf. Honigmann, 1923, p. 191). Here Pacorus, the Parthian crown prince, was defeated and killed by the Roman commander Ventidius Bassus…

GIŌNI (Giāni), a Persian dialect of the Northern Lor type, spoken in the village of Giān/Giō (the archaeological site Giyan Tepe, q.v.), 12 km west of the city of Nehāvand. Giōni is closely related to Bālā Garivaʾi and Ḵorramābādi, all of which differ markedly from Southern Lori dialects such as…

GISU-DARĀZ (or Gēsu-darāz; b. Delhi, 4 Rajab 721/30 July 1321; d. Gulbarga, 16 Ḏu’l-qaʿda 825/1 November 1422), the popular title of Sayyed MOḤAMMAD b. Yusof Ḥosayni, the most important transmitter of Sufi traditions from North India to the Deccan plateau. He was born in Delhi, where his ancestors had migrated…

GITI, a leftist daily paper published from 2 Tir 1322 Š./24 June 1943 to 26 Day 1322 Š./6 December 1943 by Ḵalil Enqelāb Āḏar as the official organ of the Workers union (Etteḥādiya-ye kārgarān). Its masthead read: “The Union of Persian workers is neither attracted nor affiliated to any political…

GIV, Arbāb ROSTAM (b. Yazd, 1267 Š./1888; d. San Diego, Calif., 15 Mehr 1359 Š./7 October 1980; Figure 1), Majles representative, senator, president of Anjoman-e Zardoštiān (q.v.) of Tehran, businessman, and philanthropist. Born to Bahman and Ḵerman Ḵānom in Yazd, he studied at Kayḵosrowi high school of Yazd and also…

GIVA, a traditional footwear in Persia, mainly consisting of an upper part made of twined white cotton thread sewn up on the edges of a cloth and leather or rubber sole (PLATE I). Nothing can be found about the precedents of the giva-making craft (giva-duzi/-bāfi) in Persia in available sources….

GIYAN TEPE (GIĀN TAPPA), or Žiān Tappa, a large archaeological mound located in Lorestān province in western Persia, about 10 km southeast of Nehāvand and southwest of Giān village in the Ḵāva valley. Excavation at Tepe Giyan, directed by George Contenau and Roman Ghirshman under the sponsorship of the Musées…

GLACIERS and ice fields in Persia. Due to Persia’s location in the very center of the arid dry belt, stretching from North Africa in the west to Central Asia in the east, and also due to its very specific topography, glaciers and/or permanent ice fields are restricted and concentrated in…

GLADWIN, FRANCIS (d. ca. 1813), lexicographer and prolific translator of Persian literature into English. He served in the Bengal Army and later, owing to his remarkable linguistic ability, became one of the three professors of Persian at Fort William College in Calcutta in 1800, the year of its establishment. He…

GLASS in Persia. Glass blowing was invented in the Syro-Palestinian region during the Parthian period in the mid-first century B.C.E. and quickly spread from there to neighboring regions. Due to this invention, which probably reached Mesopotamia in the first century C.E., glassware could be produced more easily and in greater…

GLASS INDUSTRY. Glass making has been known and practiced in Iran for about 3,500 years. Until about 1930 local glass making was done in small craft workshops. The raw materials needed for glass production abound in Iran except for soda ash, but this input will also soon be entirely domestically…