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GARLIC, used as an ingredient in a variety of Persian dishes mainly as a condiment. The leaves are used with other fresh aromatic vegetables in sabzī-polow and kūkū-sabzī. Varieties of āš (q.v.), specially āš-e rešta, are often served decorated on the top with sautéed slices of garlic bulbs and onion…

GARMAPADA (g-r-m-p-d-, attested only in gen. Garmapadahya), name of the fourth month (June-July) of the Old Persian calendar, mentioned in Darius I’s Bisotun inscription, DB I 42, III 7 f., and 46 (see Kent, Old Persian, p. 161a, 183ab). It is equivalent to Babylonian Duʾuzu and Elamite Hallime (which name…

GARMSĀR, a region (Qešlāq and Garmsār) in the province of Semnān situated beyond the Caspian Gates. It has been known particularly as a stopover on the great road to Khorasan. It had an abundance of water (rivers, canals, and qanāts) and fodder, but no great caravansary or town developed there…

GARMSĪR AND SARDSĪR (warm zones and cold zones), two terms identifying regional entities that form a major geographical contrast deeply affecting the popular conscience in Persia. Both terms are currently used in the everyday language in the south, especially among the nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes. In cold winters, the high…

GARŌDMĀN, the Pahlavi name for heaven and paradise, derived from GAv garō.dəmāna- (lit. “house of song”; cf. YAv garō.nmāna-, Man. Mid. Pers. grʾsmʾn, Prth.grdmʾn, Sogd. °γrδmn). It frequently appears as a synonym for wahišt, paradise, e.g., in hendiadys wahišt ud garōdmān (Pahlavi Texts, p. 151) or in the phrase wahištīᶃpad…

GARRETT COLLECTION, one of the finest collections of Near Eastern manuscripts, bequeathed to the Princeton University Library by Robert Garrett (1875-1961), a graduate (1897) and a trustee of the University (1905-61). Although the collection contains mostly Arabic manuscripts, its Persian holdings are significant, including a number of important and exquisite…

GARŠĀSP-NĀMA (or Karšāsp-nāma), a long heroic epic by Asadī Ṭūsī (d. ca. 465/1072-73; q.v.). The poem was completed, as the author says in the epilogue (ed. Yaḡmāʾī, ch. 144, v. 2), in 458/1066, and it is dedicated to a ruler of Naḵjavān by the name of Abū Dolaf, who does…