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FORŪD (lit. descent;Forūvard in Bukharian tradition, Ayaq in Azeri moqām), general designation of the concluding motif of a melodic sequence in Persian music. The present usage does not seem to take into consideration the original meaning of the word, which indicates not a motif but a movement, i.e., a melodic…

FORŪD (or Ferōd), son of Sīāvaḵš and half brother of Kay Ḵosrow. His mother is Jarīra (according to the Šāh-nāma; Ṭabarī mentions Borzāfarīd as her name), the eldest daughter, or the sister (Mojmal, ed. Bahār, p. 29), of Pīrān, the commander-in-chief of Afrāsīāb’s (q.v.) army. In his first campaign against…

FORŪGĪ BESṬĀMĪ (BASṬĀMĪ), ʿABBĀS, 19th-century poet (b. 1213/1798 in Karbalā; d. 1274/1857 in Tehran). Forūḡī Besṭāmī’s father, Āqā Mūsā, was an accountant at the court of Āḡā Moḥammad Khan Qājār (q.v.; r. 1203-12/1789-97). After falling out of favor and being punished by the ruler, Āqā Mūsā retired to Karbalā where…

FORŪGĪ, ABU’L-ḤASAN (b. Isfahan 1301/1884; d. Tehran, 6 Bahman 1338 Š./26 January 1960), educator and author. He had his elementary education at home with his father, Moḥammad-Ḥosayn Forūḡī D ¨okāʾ-al-Molk, and elder brother (Moḥammad-ʿAlī) and later went to Dār al-fonūn and Alliance Française (qq.v.). He continued studying Persian and Arabic…

FORŪGĪ, MOḤAMMAD-ḤOSAYN Khan Ḏokāʾ-al-Molk (b. Isfahan, 15 Rabīʿ II 1255/27 June 1839; d. Tehran, 11 Ramażān 1325/19 October 1907), poet, journalist, literateur, translator, and author. He was born into a family of merchants who traced their lineage to a certain Ḥājī Mollā Moʾmen, a contemporary of Shah ʿAbbās I (r….

FORŪGĪ, MOḤAMMAD-ʿALĪ ḎOKĀʾ-AL-MOLK, statesman, scholar, and man of letters (b. Jomādā II 1294 /July1877; d. 5 Āḏar 1321 Š./26 November 1942; Figure 1). i. Biography. ii. Literary Works.   i. Biography Born in Tehran into a family of Isfahani merchant origin, Forūḡī was the oldest child of Moḥammad-Ḥosayn Khan Ḏokāʾ-al-Molk (Forūḡī),…

FORŪGĪ, MOḤSEN (Mohsen Foroughi), pioneer of modern architecture in Persia, an influential professor of architecture at the University of Tehran, and a noted collector of Persian art (b. 14 May 1907; d. 6 October 1983; Figure 1). i. Biography. ii. Art Collection.   i. BIOGRAPHY Moḥsen Forūḡī was the son…

FORUTAN, YŪSOF, a master of Persian music. Born in Tehran to a family of educated aristocrats, he developed a sharp interest and received his early education in music by frequenting the music circle of his brother Moʾaddeb-al-Salṭana. Later he received private lessons in playing the setār and tār from the…

FORUTAN, ʿALI-AKBAR (b. Sabzevār, 29 April 1905; d. Haifa, 25 November 2003, Figure 1), prominent Bahai teacher, educator, public speaker, and author.  He was born into a Bahai family in Sabzevār in northeast Iran, where he received his early education at a traditional school (maktab).  In 1914, however, in order…

FORŪZĀNFAR, Badīʿ-al-Zamān (بدیع‌الزمان فروزانفر)(b. ca. 1903, Bošrūya, a district of Ferdows [q.v.], Khorasan, d. 1349 Š./1970 Tehran; Figure 1) Persian literary scholar and critic, professor at the University of Tehran, member of the Persian Academy. Badīʿ-al-Zamān is the honorary title granted to him in 1920 by Qawām-al-Salṭana, who was then the…

FOUCHER, ALFRED (1865-1952), the first head of the French Archaeological Mission in Afghanistan (see DÉLÉGATIONS ARCHÉOLOGIQUES FRANÇAISES, ii.) and a noted scholar on Grœco-Buddhist art. After studying Sanskrit with Sylvain Lévi, Foucher went to India for the first time from 1895 to 1897 in order to study Buddhist art and…