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FEHİM SÜLEYMAN (FAHĪM SOLAYMĀN) EFENDİ, a Persian teacher and poet of Turkish origin (b. Istanbul, 1203/1789; d. 1262/1846). There is no information available concerning his youth and education. He was a servant and student of the well-known contemporary scholar Esmāʿīl Farroḵ Efendi. He matured under his tutelage and, above all,…

FEHREST or Ketāb al-fehrest, a celebrated catalogue of books in Arabic, drafted in 377/987 by Ebn al-Nadīm. i. The Author and His Work. ii. Middle Persian to Arabic Translations. iii. Representation of Manicheism.   i. THE AUTHOR AND HIS WORK LIFE OF THE AUTHOR Abu’l-Faraj Moḥammad b. Abī Yaʿqūb Esḥāq…

FEKETE, Lajos (b. Tardos, 12 June 1891; d. Budapest, 16 May 1969), Hungarian historian and specialist of Turkish-Persian paleography.  In 1914 he obtained teacher’s diploma in history and Latin.  At the outbreak of the World War I, he was drafted to the front service.  He was soon captured and spent…

FELĀḤAT-E MOẒAFFARĪ, the first monthly magazine in Persia dealing with agricultural issues. The magazine commenced publication four months after the establishment of the General Agricultural Office of Persia (Edāra-ye koll-e felāḥat-e mamālek-e maḥrūsa). The official publication of that bureau, it ran from Jomādā I 1318/August 1900 to Šawwāl 1325/November 1907…

FELFEL (arabicized from archaic Pers. pelpel < Skt. pippalī, which designated both the vine and the berries of Piper longum L. “Indian long pepper”; Monier-Williams, p. 628), modern Persian term designating the fruits and/or berries of two botanically different groups of plants: the pepper proper and the capsicum peppers (Rosengarten,...

FELT (Mid. and New. Pers., namad), material produced by process of felting, the entanglement of animal fiber in all directions, appropriately done to form a soft and homogeneous mass. The technique was originally devised in nomadic communities of Central Asia (Pazyryk, 5th to 3rd centuries B.C.E., see Bidder, pp. 29…

FEMINIST MOVEMENTS in Persia. The struggle for women’s rights that began in the mid-19th century and, more specifically, on the eve of the 1905-09 Constitutional Revolution (q.v.) and continued to the present time has been one of the main forces for democratic change in the 20th century Persia. i. Introduction….

FEMINIST MOVEMENTS iii. IN THE PAHLAVI PERIOD The fundamental political, socio-cultural, and economic changes which Persia underwent in the Pahlavi era (1921-78) had drastic repercussions on the women’s rights movement and the condition of women. This article reviews the nature of these changes and the interplay between the state and…

FEMINIST MOVEMENTS iv. IN THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC After the Revolution of 1978-79, “feminism,” because of its associations with the West and its appropriation by the previous regime, soon became viewed by the ruling clerics as synonymous with decadence. Yet the Islamic Republic has seen a marked raising of the nation’s…

FENDERESK, a rural district (dehestān) of the county (šahrestān) of Gonbad-e Qābūs (q.v.). It is situated north of the Alborz range (q.v.) in the eastern part of Māzandarān, bordered to the north by the rural districts of Bāḡlī-mārāmā and Daland; to the east by Qalʿa-ye Mīrān; to the west by…

FENNEL (rāzīāna

FEQH (jurisprudence), term used to designate the processes of exposition, analysis, and argument which constitute human effort to express God’s law (šarīʿa). Technical definitions in the pre-modern period suggest that it is an epistemological category, indicating knowledge of religions šarʿī rules as derived from the recognized sources. One who possesses…

FERDAWS AL-MORŠEDĪYA FĪ ASRĀR AL-ṢAMADĪYA, a major hagiography of Abū Esḥāq Kāzarūnī (b. 352/963, d.426/1033; q.v.), a famous Sufi and founder of a selsela variously referred to as Kāzarūnīya, Esḥāqīya, or Moršedīya. The original Arabic text, by Abū Bakr Moḥammad b. ʿAbd-al-Karīm b.ʿAlī b. Saʿd al-Ḵaṭīb (d. 502/1109), the third…

FERDOWS, šahrestān in Khorasan consisting of three administrative districts: the city of Ferdows and its immediate suburbs, Bošrūya and Sarāyān. It is located in southern Khorasan between the Kalāt mountains to the north and northeast and the Kavīr-e Namak and Dašt-e Lūt to the west and northwest. The climate in…