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FARROḴZĀD, FORŪḠ-ZAMĀN, usually known as Forūḡ, Persian poet (b. Tehran, 1313 Š./1935; d. Tehran, 1345 Š./1967; Figure 1). Life. Farroḵzād was the third of seven children born to Moḥammad Farroḵzād and Tūrān Wazīrī-tabār. She attended a co-educational elementary school in her neighborhood and after graduating from Ḵosrow Ḵāvar junior high…

FĀRS, province in southern Persia. i. Geography.ii. History in the pre-Islamic Period.iii. History in the Islamic Period.iv. History in the Qajar and Pahlavi Periods.v. Monuments.vi. Population.vii. Ethnography.viii. Dialects. ix. Prehistoric Sequence.

FĀRS i. Geography Evolution of the geographical concept. The name of Fārs is undoubtedly attested in Assyrian sources since the third millennium B.C.E. under the form Parahše. Originally, it was the “land of horses” of the Sumerians (Herzfeld, pp. 181-82, 184-86). The name was adopted by Iranian tribes which established…

FĀRS ii. History in the Pre-Islamic Period From the “Neolithic Revolution” to the end of Elam. The history of early pre-Islamic Fārs is most closely interwoven with that of its eastern and western neighbors. Agrarian settlements had been established (by immigrants?) in the Muški phase in the Kor basin, a…

FĀRS iii. HISTORY IN THE ISLAMIC PERIOD The Islamic province of Fārs corresponds roughly to Parsa, the homeland of the Persians, and the original center of the Achaemenid dynasty. It was known to the Greeks as Persis and they used this name to designate the whole kingdom, a usage which…

FĀRS iv. History in the Qajar and Pahlavi Periods In the 19th and 20th centuries Persia underwent major political, social and economic changes which had particular repercussions in Fārs. This article reviews the nature of these changes and the course of major historical events in the province of Fārs in…

FĀRS v. Monuments Prehistoric period. Only a few of the countless prehistoric mounds in the mountain valleys of Fārs have been investigated by archeologists; most of their activities have been concentrated on the Marvdašt plain, the heartland of Fārs: at Tall-e Bākūn (Langsdorff and McCown), Tall-e Darvāza (see DARVĀZA TEPE),…

FĀRS vi. Population The province of Fārs is the largest and the most populous province in the south of Persia. In the last national census (1996) it was composed of 16 counties (šahrestāns), comprising a total of 60 districts (baḵš), 48 towns (šahr), and 185 village clusters (dehestān). Its geographical…

FĀRS vii. Ethnography The largest part of the population of Fārs is of Iranian stock, but since the rise of Islam in the 7th century there has been substantial immigration of peoples of other ethnic origins into the province (FIGURE 1). Lors. There are two groups of Lors in Fārs:…

FĀRS viii. Dialects Oscar Mann (1909, p. XVII) described the linguistic diversity in Fārs as a kind of Babylonian confusion of languages. There have been many small-scale and larger-scale population movements inside and from outside Fārs, and major upheavals up to the present. This is also borne out by the…

FĀRS ix. PREHISTORIC SEQUENCE Six archeological sites—Tall-e Muški, Tall-e Jari A and B, Tall-e Gap, and Tall-e Bākun A and B—in the Persepolis plain of the Marvdašt area are the primary sources for the study of the prehistoric cultural development in Fārs. But there was not any consensus among archeologists…

FĀRS,name of two newspapers published in Shiraz. 1. A weekly published from 20 Jomādā II through 12 Ḏu’l-qaʿda 1289/25 August 1872-12 January 1873. After Āḏarbāyjān (q.v.), Fārs was the second Persian newspaper published in a province. The first three issues, called al-Fārs, were in Arabic and Persian, not all in…

FĀRS-NĀMA-YE NĀṢERĪ, a history and geography of the province of Fārs, with maps and illustrations, by Mīrzā Ḥasan Fasāʾī (b. Fasā, 1237/1821; d. Shiraz, 12 Rajab 1316/26 November 1898; Figure 1). i. The author. ii. The book. iii. Notables of Shiraz.   i. THE AUTHOR The Fārs-nāma-ye nāṣerī is itself…