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FARHANG, the title of five newspapers and magazines printed in Persia and Europe. Presented chronologically they are: 1. Farhang or Farhang-e-Eṣfahān. This was the first newspaper in Isfahan, commencing publication in Jomādā I 1296/April 1879. Beginning with the second year of publication, the name of the city was printed in…

FARHANG O ZENDAGĪ, a periodical published in 28 issues from winter 1348 Š./1969 to spring 1357 Š./1978 by the Secretariat of the High Council of Culture and Art (Dabīr-ḵāna-ye Šūrā-ye ʿalī-e farhang o honar). Nāṣer Nayyer Moḥammadī served as the editor of the first nine issues; Maḥmūd Ḵoš-nām of issues…

FARHANG, MĪRZĀ ABU’L-QĀSEM ŠĪRĀZĪ (b. Shiraz, Ramażān 1242/April 1827, d. Shiraz, 1309/1891), poet, scholar, and calligrapher. In his youth Farhang, the fourth son of the renowned poet Mīrzā Moḥammad-Šafīʿ Weṣāl Šīrāzī (d. 1262/1846), studied literature, mathematics, divination (jafr), and geomancy (raml). Inspired by the example of the poet Ḥabīb-Allāh Qāʾānī…

FARHANG-E ĀNANDRĀJ, a dictionary of the Persian language named in honor of the maharaja Ānand Gajapatī Rāj, the ruler of Vijayanagar in South India. It was compiled in 1306/1888-89 by the maharaja’s chief secretary (mīr monšī), the poet and lexicographer Moḥammad Pādœāh b. Ḡolām Moḥī-al-Dīn, known by the penname Šād….

FARHANG-E EBRĀHĪMĪ, a Persian-language dictionary by the well-known poet Ebrāhīm Qewām-al-Dīn Fārūqī. The author lived in Bihar and compiled his dictionary in 878/1473-74 during the reign of the ruler of Bengal Abu’l Moẓaffar Bārbak Shah (r. 864-79/1460-74). Fārūqī dedicated the work to his spiritual guide (moršed), the famous Sufi shaikh…

FARHANG-E ĪRĀN-ZAMĪN, a research quarterly first published in Tehran in Farvardīn 1332 Š./March 1953. Beginning with the fifth year, 1336 Š./1957, it was published annually up to volume 24, after which it appeared at three-year intervals in as a book. Its founders were Moḥammad-Taqī Dānešpažūh, Manūčehr Sotūda, Moṣṭafā Moqarrabī, ʿAbbās…

FARHANG-E JAHĀNGĪRĪ, one of the most complete and authoritative dictionaries of the Persian language, composed in India at the beginning of the 11th/17th century. Its author was Mīr Jamāl-al-Dīn Ḥosayn b. Fakr-al-Dīn Ḥasan Enjū Šīrāzī, who held the title ʿAżod-al-Dawla and was also known as Ḥosayn Enjū. Although born in…

FARHANG-E MOʿĪN, an important Persian encyclopaedic dictionary published in six volumes in Tehran between 1963 and 1973. Most of the work was compiled by the eminent Persian scholar and lexicographer Moḥammad Moʿīn (1918-71). His work on lexicography began in 1946 with his collaboration with ʿAlī-Akbar Dehḵodā (q.v.) on the monumental…

FARHANG-E QAWWĀS, a Persian dictionary compiled probably no later than 716/1315 by the founder of Persian lexicography in India, the poet and writer Faḵr-al-Dīn Mobārakšāh Qawwās Ḡaznavī, or Faḵr-e Qawwās, known also as Kamāngar. In his brief preface, Faḵr-e Qawwās writes that he compiled this dictionary to facilitate reading the…