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ESʿAD DEDE, MEHMED (Moḥammad Asʿad Dada), Turkish author and Sufi poet of the Mawlawī order (b. in Salonika, 1257/1841; d. in Istanbul, 13 Šaʿbān 1329/9 August 1911). He received his primary education in Salonika. In 1280/1863 he went to Istanbul, where he received a good traditionaleducation and attached himself to…

ESʿAD EFENDİ, MEHMED (Moḥammad Asʿad Efendi; b. Istanbul, 10 Moḥarram 978/14 June 1570, d. Istanbul, 14 Šaʿbān 1034/21 June 1625), Ottoman religious figure and author of both Persian and Turkish poetry. He was the second son of the famous historian Saʿd-al-Dīn Efendi (d. 1008/1599), who came from a Persian family….

ETHÉ, CARL HERMANN (b. Stralsund, Prussia, 13 February 1844, d. Bristol, England, 7 June 1917; Figure 1), German orientalist best known for his catalogues of Islamic manuscripts and his studies and German translations of Persian poetry. The son of a government surveyor, he went to the nearby University of Greifswald…

ETHICS (aḵlāq, q.v.). For ten centuries authors writing in Persian have engaged their readers with moral and ethical questions. A body of practical moral doctrine was elaborated as part of the earliest development of Persian literature, at which time considerable reflection was devoted to topics ranging from morals to ethics,…

ETHIOPIA, RELATIONS WITH PERSIA. i. Pre-Islamic Period. ii. Islamic Era.   i. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD Ethiopia (OPers. Kuša-), Elam. ku-æá, Akk. ku-ú-æu, was located on the western fringe of the Achaemenid Empire (cf. DPh 6 = DH 5 [Kent, Old Persian, pp. 136 and 147]). The Ethiopians (OPers. Kušiyā; Gr. Aithí-opes…

ETHNOGRAPHY (Bibliography) For cited works not given in detail, see “Short References”; see also the bibliography in ANTHROPOLOGY, where a large proportion of the ethnographic publication on Iran, in particular the major works of anthropologists writing before 1985, has already been given and is not duplicated here. Bibliographic details of…

ETHNOGRAPHY, the basic field research method in anthropology. This article, which treats the corpus of ethnographic data, complements the article on anthropology (q.v.) which treats the history of ideas underlying the research. It is divided into four sections: (1) Introduction, which discusses the objectives and limitations of the ethnographic enterprise;…

ETIQUETTE (Pers. nazākat, ādāb-e moʿāšarat), defined as the observance of conventional decorum particularly among the elite, is itself part of the wider topic of adab (q.v.). i. Etiquette in the Sassanian Period. ii. Etiquette in Persia in the Islamic Period. iii. Etiquette in Afghanistan.   i. ETIQUETTE IN THE SASANIAN…

ETTEFĀQ, title of five Persian newspapers. 1. A constitutionalist newspaper published by Mīrzā Ḥabīb-Allāh Khan ʿAkkās-bāšī in Solṭānābād (later Arāk) in 1326-27/1908-9. It was associated with the Anjoman-e ḥoqūq-e mellī, Šoʿba-ye Ṭehrān (Assembly for National Rights, Tehran Branch) and carried local news in addition to its political features. Its editor…

ETTEFĀQ-EESLĀM, “Islamic Solidarity,” a weekly government newspaper which began publication in Herat as of 1 Sonbola 1299 Š./24 August 1920; renamed Faryād in ʿAqrab 1301 Š./November 1922. After being suspended for a month and a half by the government of Ḥabīb-Allāh Khan (Bačča-ye Saqqā), it resumed publication under original name…

ETTEFĀQ-EKĀRGARĀN, a daily newspaper published by the striking print-workers union in Tehran in 1328/1910, one of the first labor or socialist newspaper published in Persia. The masthead bore the motto “supporter of the workers” (ḥāmī-e kārgarān). Since no other newspapers were being published in the capital, it carried domestic and…

ETTEḤĀD, title of eleven Persian language newspapers.   1. A royalist weekly published in Tabrīz, one of three anti-Constitutionalist newspapers published there. It began publication in Ḏu’l-qaʿda 1324/December 1906-January 1907 and lasted for five issues. It was published by Mīrzā Aḥmad Kāteb Baṣīr-al-ʿOlamāʾ (Baṣīrat) as the organ of his reactionary…