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EPʿREM KHAN (Pers. Yeprem/Efrem; 1868-1912), Armenian revolutionary and important military leader of the Constitutional Revolution (q.v.) (Figure 1). Epʿrem Dawtʿean (Asribēkean) was born of an Armenian family in Barsum village (Ganja province) in the Russian Caucasus. As a youth, he participated in Armenian nationalist groups and partisan activities in the…

Eqbāl Āḏar, Abu’l Ḥasan Khan Qazvīnī title Eqbāl Āḏar, Abu’l Ḥasan Khan Qazvīnī genre/topic Āvāz-e Abu ‘Aṭā language Persian performer Eqbāl Āḏar, voice ‘Ali Akbar Šahnāzi, tār Ebrāhim Manṣuri, tombak instrument Voice; Tār; Tombak composer   author/poet   first line of poem Barḵiz bedeh jām če jāy-e soḵan ast… recorded…

EQBĀL ĀḎAR (EQBĀL-AL-SOLṬĀN), ABU’L-ḤASAN KHAN QAZVĪNĪ (b. Alvand, near Qazvīn, ca. 1248/1869, d. Tabrīz, probably 1973), singer of Persian traditional music. After his father, Mollā Mūsā Zāreʿ Qazvīnī, a farmer and mullah, died, Abu’l-Ḥasan, then seven years old, moved to Qazvīn, where he lived until the age of twenty. He…

EQBĀL ĀŠTĪĀNĪ, ʿABBĀS (عباس اقبال آشتیانی, b. 1314/1896-97 in Āštīān, d. 21 Bahman 1334 Š./10 February 1956 in Rome), scholar and man of letters (Figure 1). He was born into a family of poor bathkeepers in Āštīān, a township near Arāk. In order to contribute to the family’s income he started…

EQBĀL, MANŪČEHR (b. in Mašhad, 27 Ramażān 1327/14 Oct. 1909; d. in Tehran, 14 Āḏar 1356 Š./25 Nov. 1977), prime minister, minister of the Royal Court, head of National Iranian Oil Company, and professor of medicine (Figure 1). The fifth of eleven children of Mīrzā Abū Torāb Khan Moqbel-al-Salṭana (Eqbāl-al-Tawlīa),…

EQDĀM, name of two separate series of a Persian newspaper published and edited in Tehran by the journalist, poet, novelist, and translator, ʿAbbās Ḵalīlī (b. Najaf, 1311/1893, d. Tehran, 1350 Š./1971, q.v.). Ḵalīlī, a member of a prominent clerical family in Iraq, fled to Persia reportedly after being sentenced to…

EQLĪD, a small town of medieval Fārs, now in the modern rural subdistrict of the same name (lat. 30° 54’ N., long. 52° 40’ E.). It lies in the Zagros Mountains, and the mediaeval geographers placed it therefore in the sardsīr or cold zone. Administratively, it was in the kūra…

EQṬĀʿ The eqṭāʿin its various forms is one of the most persistent and important tenurial, economic and social institutions of medieval Persia. It was also found in the Mamluk sultanate, the Ottoman empire, under the Omayyads of Spain, in the Delhi sultanate, and the Mughal empire. It survived in a…