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ENOCH, BOOKS OF, attributed to the seventh antediluvian biblical patriarch Enoch (Genesis 5.21-24), which show Iranian influence. Judging from the number of citations and allusions to Enochic “books” and “apocalypses,” many such works circulated among Jewish and Christian groups during the Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine eras. Ancient estimates of Enoch’s…

ENQELĀB-EESLĀMĪ, a newspaper published by Abu’l-Ḥasan Banī-Ṣadr and supporting his political views. It was published in three runs. 1. A daily general newspaper published in Tehran from 29 Ḵordād 1358 Š./19 June 1979 to 17 Ḵordād 1360 Š./7 June 1981. The editor for the first half year was ʿAlī-Reżā Nowbarī….

ENSĀN-EKĀMEL (The Perfect Human Being), a key idea in the philosophy and ethics of Islamic mysticism. The phrase, al-ensān al-kāmel, was coined by Ebn al-ʿArabī (d. 638/1240, q.v.) in the first chapter of the Foṣūs al-ḥekam (p. 50), although the idea underlying it is as old as Sufism itself. Bāyazīd…

ENŠĀʾ (composition), the process of creating or composing something as well as the result of this process and the rules of the art; it denotes a genre of prose literature, copies, drafts, or specimens of official and private correspondence. Enšāʾ collections are extant in Arabic, Persian, and Turkic (Ottoman and…

ENŠĀʾ-ALLĀH KHĀN, SAYYED, Urdu-Persian poet and writer (b. in Moršedābād in 1169/1756 and d. in Lucknow in 1233/1818; Pervez, p. 23). His forefathers are said to have emigrated to India from Najaf during the reign of Farroḵsīar (1124-31/1713-19; Sandelavī, fol. 43). In 1763, hostilities in Moršedābād forced his father, Māšā-Allāh…

ENTEBĀH (lit. “Awakening”), a Persian newspaper published in Karbalā, Iraq, in 1333/1914 by Mīrzā ʿAlī Āqā Šīrāzī Labīb-al-Molk (Ṣadr Ḥāšemī, Jarāʾed o majallāt I, pp. 282-83), editor of Moẓaffarī published in Būšehr and Mecca (Browne, Press and Poetry, nos. 322,323). Twenty-one issues were published in 1333/1914; the name was then…

ENTEẒĀM, ʿABD-ALLĀH and NAṢR-ALLĀH, two brothers active in 20th-century Persian politics. 1. ʿAbd-Allāh Enteẓām (Figure 1), diplomat and politician (b. 1274 Š./1895 in Tehran, d. 2 Farvardīn 1362 Š./22 March 1983). He was the eldest son of Ḵoršīdlaqā Ḡaffārī and Sayyed Moḥammad Enteẓām-al-Salṭana. His father was a diplomat, who also…

ĖNTSIKLOPEDIYAI SOVETII TOJIK (Tajik Soviet Encyclopedia), the first general encyclopedia of Tajikistan, published in the Tajik Persian language and Cyrillic alphabet (8 vols., Dushanbe, 1978-88). It includes more than 23,000 articles (VIII, p. 197) in a total of 4904 pages plus 242 folios (mostly in color) of additional figures and…

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, efforts to protect natural resources, wildlife, and ecosystems and to control pollution in Persia. i. In Persia. ii. In Afghanistan.   i. IN PERSIA Environmental protection efforts before the 1979 Revolution. In Persia conservation consciousness began, as it so often does, with concern for wildlife. In the absence…