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EGYPT ix. Iran’s cultural influence in the Islamic period Medieval and Ottomon periods. The influence of Persian traditions on Egypt during the medieval period was brought about by the same factors that affected the rest of the Arab world, namely, translations from Middle Persian as well as influential Muslims of…

EGYPT vi. Artistic relations with Persia in the Islamic period Although direct evidence of artistic links between Persia and Egypt before the Mongol invasion of the Near East in the 13th century is limited, surviving works of art suggest that transfer of artistic ideas resulted from the movement of artisans…

EGYPT vii. Political and religious relations with Persia in the modern period The beginnings of modern diplomatic relations between Egypt and Persia may be dated from 1263/1847, when, on behalf of the Persian government, Mīrzā Taqī Khan Amīr(-e) Kabīr signed the second treaty of Erzurum (qq.v.) with the Ottomans. One…

EGYPT viii. Egyptian cultural influence in Persia, modern times Egypt, together with Turkey and the Caucasus, was one of the major sources of cultural and political influences in Persia during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Egypt became acquainted with Western culture from the early 19th century following Napoleon’s…

EGYPT x. Relations with Afghanistan Both Egypt and Afghanistan came under British hegemony in the latter part of the 19th century; therefore no official relations existed between them. In Egypt little was known about Afghanistan, except that it was the purported homeland of Jamāl-al-Dīn Afḡānī (q.v.), whose pan-Islamist, reformist teachings…

EGYPT xi. PERSIAN JOURNALISM IN EGYPT A number of Persian journals were published in Egypt. After the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, the economic and commercial importance of Egypt increased and the country attracted a number of Iranian merchants and craftsmen who settled with their families in Cairo…

EḤSĀN-ALLĀH KHAN DŪSTDĀR (ʿAlī-ābādī; b. Sārī, Māzandarān, 1262/1883, d. Baku, ca. 1938), second most prominent figure in the the Soviet Socialist Republic of Iran (Ḥokūmat-e jomhūrī-e šūrawī-e Īrān), the radicalized second phase of the Jangalī movement in the years 1920-21 (see COMMUNISM i). Eḥsān-Allāh was born into a Bahai family…

EḤTEŠĀM-AL-DAWLA, SOLṬĀN OWAYS MĪRZĀ (1255-1310/1839-92), first son of Farhād Mīrzā Moʿtamed-al-Dawla Qājār (q.v.) and maternal grandson of Moḥammad-ʿAlī Mīrzā Dawlatšāh (q.v.). Initially, he served as personal attendant (ājūdān-e ḥożūr; Ḵormūjī, p. 258) to the shah with the title Eḥtešām-al-Molk. In 1282/1865 he was governor of Kohgīlūya and Behbahān. There he…

EḤTEŠĀM-AL-DAWLA, ḴĀNLAR KHAN (d. Tehran, Šawwāl 1278/April 1862), seventeenth son of ʿAbbās Mīrzā (q.v.) and governor of several regions in Persia during the reigns of Moḥammad Shah (1250-64/1834-48) and Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah (1264-1313/1848-96) Qajar. He was named governor of Yazd shortly after Moḥammad Shah had appointed Ḥājī Mīrzā Āqāsī (q.v.) premier…

EḤTEŠĀM-AL-DAWLA, ʿABD-AL-ʿALĪ MĪRZĀ, also known as Eḥtešām-al-Molk and Moʿtamed-al-Dawla, second son of Farhād Mīrzā Moʿtamed-al-Dawla Qājār (1233-305/1818-88). He seems to have belonged to Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah’s inner circle (Eʿtemād-al-Salṭana, Rūz-nāma-ye ḵāṭerāt, p. 493). The first and last government appointment he held was the governorship of Zanjān and Ḵamsa in 1309-10/1891-93, for…

EḤTEŠĀM-AL-SALṬANA, Mīrzā Maḥmūd Khan ʿAlāmīr Qajar, also known as Masʿūd Davallū (b. 6 Šaʿbān 1279/27 January 1863; d. 6 Bahman 1314 Š./26 January 1936), governor, diplomat, and speaker of the Persian Parliament (Majles; Plate I). He was the youngest son of Moḥammad-Raḥīm Khan Qājār Davallū, a highly influential chamberlain (ḥājeb-al-dawla)…