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EDUCATION xxiv. EDUCATION IN POSTREVOLUTIONARY PERSIA, 1979-95 The history of education in the Islamic Republic falls into two phases: from the revolution to the cease-fire between Persia and Iraq in 1367 Š./1988 (the revolutionary period), when Islamic ideology predominated, and the subsequent period of reconstruction and privatization. The revolutionary period….

EDUCATION xxv. WOMEN’S EDUCATION IN THE QAJAR PERIOD The premodern conception of women’s education was varied. In some medieval books of ethical instruction and counsel (see ANDARZ ii) teaching women to read was recommended (Fānī Kašmīrī, p. 141), whereas other authors warned against it (Kay Kāvūs, p. 98; cf. Qoṭb-al-Dīn,…

EDUCATION xxvi. WOMEN’S EDUCATION IN THE PAHLAVI PERIOD AND AFTER In the 1920s and 1930s women’s public education in Persia was established and grew rapidly. The number of elementary and secondary schools for women increased. In 1926-27 the enrollment of females in primary schools was about 17,000, 21 percent of…

EDUCATION xxvii. IN AFGHANISTAN Traditional education in the regions lying within the present boundaries of Afghanistan followed the general pattern prevalent in pre-Islamic and Islamic Western Asia (see i-v, above). By the end of the 19th century, however, mosque schools (maktabs) and madrasas had lost their vitality, rigor, and scope….

EDUCATION xxviii. IN TAJIKISTAN Modern education in Tajikistan developed as the country emerged as a Soviet socialist republic, under the Soviet policy of standardizing the educational system throughout the Soviet Union, with language as virtually the only variable. In Tajikistan, as in other Central Asian republics, this policy brought about…

EFTEḴĀR DAWLATĀBĀDĪ, ʿABD-AL-WAHHĀB BOḴĀRĪ (b. Ahmadnagar, date unknown, d. Dawlatābād, 1190/1776; Malkāpūrī, pp. 205-09), Deccani biographer and poet in Urdu and Persian. According to his own account (Taḏkera-ye bīnaẓīr, pp. 33-34; cf. Belgrāmī, pp. 241-42), he was born and spent his early years in the Neẓāmšāhī capital, Ahmadnagar (q.v.), but…

EFTEḴĀRĪĀN, a family of officials and poets from Qazvīn, reputed descendants of the caliph Abū Bakr, who flourished under the early Il-khans (13th century). They came to prominence with five brothers, all of whom held high posts under the Mongols. The first is Efteḵār-al-Dīn Moḥammad b. Abī Naṣr, who entered…

EGYPT: relations with Persia and Afghanistan.i. Persians in Egypt in the Achaemenid periodii. Egyptian influence on Persia in the Pre-Islamic periodiii. Relations in the Seleucid and Parthian periodsiv. Relations in the Sasanian periodv. Political and commerical relations in the Islamic period. See FATIMIDS, AYYUBIDS, IL-KHANIDSvi. Artistic relations with Persia in…

EGYPT i. Persians in Egypt in the Achaemenid period The last pharaoh of the Twenty-Sixth dynasty, Psamtik (Psammetichus) III, was defeated by Cambyses II (q.v.; 530-22 B.C.E.) in the battle of Pelusium in the eastern Nile delta in 525 B.C.E.; Egypt was then joined with Cyprus and Phoenicia in the…

EGYPT ii. Egyptian influence on Persia in the Pre-Islamic period In the fields of artistic work, architecture and sculpture, the Persians do not seem to have had any lasting impact on Egyptian tradition, during either both Achaemenid occupations of Egypt (525-402 B.C.E. and 343-332 B.C.E.), or the short-lived presence of…

EGYPT iii. Relations in the Seleucid and Parthian periods This period began with the advent of the Seleucid dynasty in Syria (312 B.C.E.) and ended with the Sasanian occupation of Egypt (618/19-28 C.E.). After the successes of Alexander the Great (q.v.) in Asia Minor, Syria, and Phoenicia the Persian satrap…

EGYPT iv. Relations in the Sasanian period Sasanian occupation of Egypt. The occupation of Egypt, beginning in 619 or 618 (Altheim-Stiehl, 1991), was one of the triumphs in the last Sasanian war against Byzantium. Ḵosrow II Parvēz (Abarwēz; 590-628, with interruption) had begun this war in retaliation for the assassination…