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Bibliography: J.-P. Digard, Techniques des nomades Baxtyâri, Cambridge and Paris, 1981. L. Dupree, Afghanistan, Princeton, N.J., 1978; repr. Princeton, N.J., 1980. i. In literature and folklore. ii. In Zoroastrianism. iii. Ethnography.     i. IN LITERATURE AND FOLKLORE   The dog was the first animal to be domesticated (Olsen, p. xi), probably from the…

DOḴĀNĪYĀT (tobacco projects), referring to the State tobacco-monopoly law (Qānūn-e enḥeṣār-e dawlatī-e doḵānīyāt) of 29 Esfand 1307/20 March 1909 and to the state monopoly of tobacco products itself. After an abortive attempt to tax unprocessed tobacco through a national monopoly in 1307/1890 (see Tobacco Régie) the Persian government imposed the…

DOKKĀN-E DĀWŪD (lit., “shop of David”), rock-cut tomb of the Achaemenid period in the Zagros range a few kilometers southeast of Sar-e Pol-e Ḏohāb, in the province of Kermānšāhān. It was discovered by Henry C. Rawlinson in 1836 (pp. 38-39), but, owing to its position high on the rock face…

DOḴTAR-E NŌŠERVĀN (lit., “daughter of Nōšervān”), rock-cut architectural complex with important wall paintings in the Ḵolm valley in northern Afghanistan, discovered in 1924 (Godard et al., pp. 65-74, figs. 25-27, pls. XLI-XLIII). Of the two niches in the complex the upper one contains a large painting in a very fragmentary…

DOḴTARĀN-E ĪRĀN (lit., “Daughters of Iran”), a monthly variety magazine for girls published in Shiraz from 1 Mordād 1310 Š./23 July 1931 to Āḏar 1311 Š./November 1932. The publisher and editor was “Zand-doḵt Š¨īrāzī” (Faḵr-al-Molūk Zandpūr, 1327-71=1331 Š./1909-52), one of the pioneers in seeking women’s rights in Persia; she founded…

DOKUZ (DOQUZ) ḴĀTŪN (d. 29 Šaʿbān 663/16 June 1265), chief wife of the Il-khan Hülegü (Hūlāgū; 654-63/1256-65) and granddaughter of Wang (Ong) Khan, leader of the Nestorian Christian Kereyit (Karāyet) tribe domiciled near present-day Ulan Bator. After Wang Khan’s defeat by the future Čengīz Khan in 1203 she was given…

DOLAFIDS, family of Arab origin that became politically prominent in western Persia during the 9th century. Some members were also significant Arabic literary figures. The Dolafids belonged to the Arab tribe of ʿEjl b. Lojaym, among the first Muslim conquerors of central Iraq (cf. Donner, appendices; Caskel, s.v. ʿIgl b….

DOLDOL (or Doldūl, in Ar. lit., “large porcupine”), name of a female mule that Moqawqes, governor of Egypt, sent to the Prophet Moḥammad as a gift. Toward the end of his life the Prophet gave it and his armor to ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭāleb, an act that is viewed by…

DOLGORUKOV MEMOIRS, document published under the title Eʿterāfāt-e sīāsī yā yāddāšthā-ye Kenyāz Dolqorūkī (Political confessions or memoirs of Prince Dolgorukov) in the historical portion of the “Khorasan yearbook,” issued in Mašhad in 1322 Š./1943. A new edition was published in Tehran the following year, and there have been many others…

DOLICHĒ, city in the Roman province of Syria conquered together with the surrounding area by Šāpūr I (240-70) during his second campaign against Rome in 252 or 253 (Back, p. 303, ŠKZ, Parth. l. 7, Gk. l. 17; for the date see DICHŌR). The name is no longer legible in…

DOLMA (or dūlma), Turkish term (Doerfer, III, pp. 203-04) for stuffed vegetable or fruit dishes common in the Middle East and in Mediterranean countries. Versions have been known in Persia since at least as early as the 17th century (Afšār, pp. 217, 238-39). Mīrzā ʿAlī-Akbar Khan Āšpaz-bāšī, chef to the…