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ADĪB NAṬANZĪ, BADĪʿ-AL-ZAMĀN ABŪ ʿABDALLĀH ḤOSAYN B. EBRĀHĪM B. AḤMAD ʿERĀQĪ, poet and linguist of the 5th/11th century, from Naṭanz near Isfahan. He wrote poetry in both Persian and Arabic, for which reason he was known by the nicknames Ḏu’l-lesānayn and Ḏu’l-bayānayn. We know nothing of his life except the…

ADĪB NĪŠĀBURĪ, SHAIKH ʿABD-AL-JAWĀD, Persian litterateur and poet. Son of a farmer, Mollā ʿAbbās Nīšābūrī, he was born in Nīšābūr in 1281/1864-5 (or 1284/1867-8). At the age of four he was blinded in one eye by smallpox and his other eye was seriously impaired. Despite his physical weakness and his…

ADĪB PĪŠĀVARĪ, poetic name of SAYYED AḤMAD B. ŠEHĀB-AL-DĪN RAŻAWĪ. He was born near Peshawar ca. 1260/1844 and claimed descent from the noted Sufi Šehāb-al-dīn ʿOmar Sohravardī (539-632/1144-1234 A.D.). During his youth, his father and numerous relatives were killed in the border wars between the British and the Afghan tribes….

ADĪB ṢĀBER, ŠARAF-AL-ODABĀʾ ŠEHĀB-AL-DĪN B. ESMĀʿĪL TERMEḎĪ, famous poet of the first half of the 6th/12th century. He began his career as a poet in his home town and later lived for a long period in Marv, Balḵ and Ḵᵛārazm, being chosen as the panegyrist (maddāḥ) of the Saljuqid Sultan…

ADĪB ṬĀLAQĀNĪ, ḤĀJJ MĪRZĀ ḤASAN, prominent Iranian Bahaʾi author of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was born in Ṭālaqān in Šawwāl, 1264/September, 1848, the son of an eminent ʿālem, Mīrzā Moḥammad-Taqī. After his father’s death he studied in Tehran and Isfahan; in 1291/1874 he was employed by…

ADĪB-AL-MAMĀLEK FARĀHĀNĪ, MOḤAMMAD ṢĀDEQ B. ḤOSAYN, poet and journalist, b. 1277/1860 in the village of Kāzarān near Solṭānābād in ʿErāq-e ʿAǰam, d. 28 Rabīʿ II 1335/21 February 1917. Both his parents were related to Mīrzā Abu’l-Qāsem Qāʾem-maqām (q.v., d. 26 June 1835), prime minister to Moḥammad Shah Qāǰār. His early…

ĀDĪNEVAND, a small Lur tribe of Lorestān which lives the year round in the baḵš of Ṭarhān. In the early 1900s it comprised some 150 families (H. L. Rabino, Les tribus du Louristan, Paris, 1916, p. 28), and in the early 1940s some 300 (ʿA. Razmārā, Joḡrāfīā-ye neẓāmī-e Īrān X,…

ADLER, ELKAN NATHAN, avid traveler and collector of Hebrew, Judeo-Persian, and Judeo-Tajik manuscripts from the Jewish Persian and Bukharan communities (b. England, 1861; d. London, 15 September  1946; Figure 1). Adler was born to a prominent religious family.  His father, Nathan Marcus Adler, was chief rabbi of the United Kingdom;…

ADMINISTRATION in Iran. i. Achaemenid Period. ii. Arsacid/Parthian Period. iii. Sasanian Period. iv. Early Islamic Period. v. Medieval Period. vi. Safavid, Zand, and Qajar Periods. vii. Pahlavi Period.

ADMINISTRATION in Iran. i. The Safavid, Zand, and Qajar Periods (908-1344/1501-1925) The Safavids (908-1135/1501-1722). The rise of the Safavids was marked by developments that significantly influenced the nature of political, military, and revenue administration: Iran emerged as a modern nation state, Shiʿism was established as the official state religion, and…