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DEFRÉMERY, Charles-François (b. Cambray, France, 18 December 1822, d. St.-Valéry-en Caux, France, 18 August 1883), French orientalist and scholar. His father was a notary. After finishing at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand he studied Arabic with J. T. Reinaud and Caussin de Perceval at the Collège de France and the École des…

DEH (village) in Persia and Afghanistan. The Persian word deh (Paštō kəlay, Ar. qarya) has a more precise meaning than Persian ābādī “inhabited place,” which can refer to cities and towns, on one hand, and isolated farms (mazraʿa), on the other. A deh is a rural settlement perceived as an autonomous…

DEH MORĀSĪ ḠONDAY, a Bronze Age archeological site located at 34° 90’ N, 65° 30’ E, adjacent to the village of Deh Morāsī, approximately 27 km southwest of Qandahār and 6.5 km east-southeast of Pahjwāʾī in southeastern Afghanistan (Ball and Gardin, I, p. 90 no. 287). It is situated on…

DEH-BOKRĪ,Kurdish tribe of Kurdistan. Henry Rawlinson (p. 34 n.), who visited northwestern Persia in 1838, referred to the Deh-bokrīs as a clan (tīra) of the Mokrī tribe. According to Basile Nikitine, the Deh-bokrīs were probably local inhabitants who were absorbed by the Mokrī tribe; he also suggested that the name…

DEH-E NOW, site of a group of four rock-cut tombs of the 4th-3rd centuries B.C.E., located about 25 km south of Bīsotūn in Kermānšāhān, three of them in the mountains between the villages of Deh-e Now (Kurd. Di Nū) and Esḥāqvand (in Western sources often incorrectly rendered Sakavand; Kurd. Issaq-avand), the…

DEHBĪD, town in the šahrestān of Ābāda, Fārs (30° 37’ N, 53° 12’ E), situated on the Shiraz-Isfahan road in a plain (elev. 2,300 m) 191 km northeast of Shiraz. The climate is dry and temperate. The Dehbīd river, which rises in the Gerdāb and Bīdestān mountains, flows south of…

DEHDĀR ŠIRĀZI, ʿEMĀD-al-DIN MAḤMUD Dehdār Ḵafri Širāzi (عمادالدین دهدار شیرازی, fl. 984/1576), with the pen name (taḵalloṣ) ʿEyāni, the most prolific Persian author on lettrism (ʿelm-e ḥoruf) in the 10th/16th century, teacher of Shaikh Bahāʾ-al-Din ʿĀmeli, known as Shaikh Bahāʾi (d. 1030/1621), in the occult sciences (ʿolum-e ḡariba), and aspiring…

DEHESTĀN (in modern Persian administrative usage a rural district consisting of a number of villages), the name of a region in medieval Gorgān and a town in Bādḡīs and another in Kermān (Yāqūt, Boldān, II, p. 492). Dehestān in Gorgān. The region of Dehestān (or perhaps Dahestān) lay southeast of the…

DEHESTĀNĪ , AʿAZZ-AL-MOLKNEẒĀM-AL-DĪN ABU’L-MAḤĀSEN ʿABD-AL-JALĪL b. ʿAlī, twice vizier to the Saljuq sultan Barkīāroq (487-98/1094-1105). In Rabīʿ I 493/January-February 1100, after Barkīāroq succeeded in taking control of Baghdad, he appointed Dehestānī vizier with the honorific Neẓām-al-Dīn. Slightly later, however, Barkīāroq was defeated at Espīḏrūḏ near Hamadān by his brother Moḥammad…

DEHESTĀNĪ, ḤOSAYN b. Asʿad b. Ḥosayn Moʾayyadī, Persian translator of the Arabic work al-Faraj baʿd al-šedda by Abū ʿAlī Moḥassen b. ʿAlī b. Dāwūd Tanūḵī (327-84/939-94), a collection of poems, anecdotes, sayings, and didactic remarks arranged in thirteen chapters on the general theme of joy following hardship; the translation, Faraj-e…

DEHḴODĀ, MĪRZĀ ʿALĪ-AKBAR QAZVĪNĪ (میرزا علی اکبر قزوینی دهخدا)(also known as Daḵow دخو; b. Tehran, ca. 1297/1879, d. Tehran, 7 Esfand 1334 Š./26 February 1956; Figure 1), scholar, poet, and social critic. His father, Ḵānbābā b. Āqā Khan b. Mehr-ʿAlī Qazvīnī, a landowner in Qazvīn before moving to Tehran, died…

DEHLAVĪ, ŠĀH WALĪ-ALLĀH QOṬB-AL-DĪN AḤMAD ABU’L-FAYYĀŻ (1114-76/1703-62), leading Muslim intellectual of India and writer on a wide range of Islamic topics in Arabic and Persian; more than thirty-five of his works are extant (for an annotated list, see Baljon, pp. 8-14). He was educated by his father, the well-known scholar…