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DĀREMĪ, ABŪ SAʿĪD ʿOṮMĀN b. Saʿīd b. Ḵāled SEJESTĀNĪ, Persian traditionist and jurist (b. ca. 200/816, d. Herat Ḏu’l-ḥejja 280/February 894, sometimes incorrectly reported as 282/896). He belonged to a family of Sejestānī cloth merchants and was educated in a Hanafite environment. Through extensive travel, probably in connection with his…

DARGĀHĪ,MOḤAMMAD (b. Zanjān, 1317/1899, d. Tehran, 1331 Š./1952), first chief of the state police under Reżā Shah (1304-20 Š./1925-41). After receiving his secondary education at ʿElmīya school in Tehran (Hedāyat, p. 386; Modarresī, I, p. 109), Dargāhī attended the gendarmerie officers’ college. In 1299 Š./1920 he was appointed chief of…

DARGĀHQOLĪ KHAN ḎU’L-QADR, also known as Moʿtaman-al-Dawla Moʿtaman-al-Molk Sālār-Jang Ḵān-e Dawrān Nawwāb (b. Sangamnēr, Deccan, 1122/1710, d. Awrangābād, 18 Jomādā I 1180/22 October 1766; Malkāpūrī, p. 398; cf. Āzād Belgrāmī, pp. 222-23), Persian official at Hyderabad and Awrangābād, best known for his description of Delhi. He was descended from Ḵāndānqolī…

DARGAZĪNĪ, nesba (attributive name) for Dargazīn (or Darjazīn), borne by several viziers of the Great Saljuqs in the 12th century. The most distinguished was Abu’l-Qāsem Nāṣer b. ʿAlī, Qewām-al-Dīn Zayn-al-Molk ʿEmād-al-Dawla; he and his relative and successor ʿEmād-al-Dīn Abu’l-Barakāt, at least, also bore the additional nesba Anasābāḏī (after Anasābāḏ, a…

DARĪ, name given to the New Persian literary language at a very early date and widely attested in Arabic (e.g., Eṣṭaḵrī, p. 314; Moqaddasī [Maqdesī], p. 335; Ebn Ḥawqal, p. 490) and Persian texts since the 10th century. The Persian translator of Ṭabarī’s Tafsīr (between 350/961-62 and 365/975-76; I, p….

DARIC (Gk. dareikós statḗr), Achaemenid gold coin of ca. 8.4 gr, which was introduced by Darius I (522-486 B.C.E.) toward the end of the 6th century B.C.E. The daric and the similar silver coin, the siglos (Gk. síglos medikós), represented the bimetallic monetary standard that the Achaemenids developed from that…

DARĪGBED (Mid. Pers. *dlykptˈ, darīgbed [cf. Arm. darikʿpet; see Chaumont, p. 157], variant dlykʾn srdʾr, darigān sālār [Arm. dranikan-salar; Chaumont, p. 157] attested in the inscription of Šāpūr I on the Kaʿba of Zoroaster at Naqš-e Rostam, Mid. Pers. l. 33, Parth. l. 27: drykn sʾrr, Gk. l. 65: toû…

DARIUS (NPers. Darīūš, Dārā), name of several Achaemenid and Parthian rulers and princes. i. The name. ii. Darius the Mede. iii. Darius I the Great. iv. Darius II. v. Darius III. vi. Achaemenid princes. vii. Parthian princes. viii. Son of Artabanus.

DARIUS i. The Name Dārīus (or Dārēus) is the common Latin form of Greek Dareîos, itself a shortened rendering of Old Persian five-syllable Dārayavauš (spelled d-a-r-y-v-u-š), the throne name of Darius the Great and two other kings of the Achaemenid dynasty (see iii-v, below), which thus enjoyed considerable popularity among…

DARIUS ii. DARIUS THE MEDE In the Old Testament Book of Daniel Darius the Mede is mentioned (5:30-31) as ruler after the slaying of the “Chaldean king” Belshazzar. Daniel is supposed to have flourished during the reigns of Darius and of Cyrus “king of Persia” (Daniel 6.28, 10.1), to be…

DARIUS iii. DARIUS I THE GREAT Darius I the Great was the third Achaemenid king of kings (r. 29 September 522-October 486 B.C.E.; Figure 1). He was born in 550 B.C.E. (cf. Herodotus, 1.209), the eldest son of Vištāspa (Hystaspes) and *Vardagauna (Gk. Rhodog(o)únē, NPers. Golgūn; Justi, Namenbuch, p. 261;…

DARIUS iv. DARIUS II Darius II was the sixth Achaemenid king of kings (r. February 423- March 403 B.C.E.). He had been satrap of Hyrcania. Darius was his throne name; his given name is reported in classical sources as Ochus (Babylonian Ú-ma-kušor Ú-ma-su; Stolper, p. 115). The Old Persian name…

DARIUS v. DARIUS III Darius III (b. ca. 380 B.C.E., d. mid-330; cf. Arrian, Anabasis 3.22.6), the last Achaemenid king. Sources. The lack of sources for the last century of Achaemenid rule (Frye, p. 135) is especially severe for the life and reign of Darius III. There are no Persian…

DARIUS vi. ACHAEMENID PRINCES Darius was the name of two Achaemenid princes in addition to the emperors who bore it. Eldest son of Xerxes I (486-65 B.C.E.). This Darius was born of Amestris and was thus the brother of Hystaspes, Artaxerxes I, Amytis, and Rhodogune (Ctesias, in Jacoby, Fragmente III.C, p….