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ĀÇINA, an Old Persian name beginning with *āç- “fire;” cf. Hašina and Atrinā/Ašina, which are respectively the Elamite and Akkadian forms of the name attested in the Behistun (Bīsotūn) inscription. The same name in the form Hašina is also attested for officials of the royal administration in the Elamite Persepolis…

ĀÇIYĀDIYA (a-ç-i-y-a-di-i-y-), name of the ninth month (November-December) of the Old Persian calendar (see Kent, Old Persian, p. 161a), equivalent to Akkadian Kislīmu and Elamite Šībari (which is several times attested in the Persepolis tablets; see R. T. Hallock, Persepolis Fortification Tablets, Chicago, 1969, pp. 74, 756b). The Old Persian…

ACKERMAN, PHYLLIS (b. Oakland, California, 1893; d. January 25, 1977, Shiraz, Persia), author, editor, teacher and translator in the fields of Persian textiles, European tapestries, Chinese bronzes, iconography, symbolism, Assistant Editor of the Survey of Persian Art, wife and collaborator of Arthur Upham Pope, the editor of the Survey of…

ACTS OF ĀDUR-HORMIZD AND OF ANĀHĪD, Syriac martyrological texts. Their events are set in the year 446 A.D., during the reign of Yazdegerd II; and they were apparently recorded not long afterward. Fragments of a Sogdian version are also known (Olaf Hansen, Berliner Sogdische Texte II [Abh. der Ak. der…

ACTS OF THE PERSIAN MARTYRS, a collection of the acts of martyrdom under Šāpūr II (309-79 A.D.). They were made known by S. E. Assemani on the basis of Ms. Vat. Syr. 160 (Acta sanctorum martyrum I, Rome, 1748). New and better manuscripts emerged, which made possible a new edition…

Ac-Al ENTRIES: CAPTIONS OF ILLUSTRATIONS   Entry Image Caption ACTS OF ADUR-HORMIZD Figure 1. P. Bedjan, Acta martyrum et sanctorum II, Paris-Leipzig, 1891, p. 1 (left) and p. 576. ACTS OF THE PERSIAN MARTYRS Figure 1. Oskar Braun, Ausgewählte Akten persischer Märtyrer, Munich, 1915. ʿADL, Aḥmad-Ḥosayn Figure 1. Aḥmad-Ḥosayn ʿAdl….

ACƎKZĪ, ACAKZĪ, or AČəKZĪ, AČAKẒĪ, a tribal grouping of Paṧtūn clans in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Acəkzī form part of the Zīrak branch of the Dorrānī (or Abdālī) and thus belong to the so-called western Paṧtūn (who are distinguished from the Ḡilzī, encompassing the eastern Paṧtūn). Their language is Maḡrebī/Qandahāri…

ĀDĀ “requital” in Avestan. In the Gāthās the term implies a two-way process. It may proceed from Ahura Mazdā to the faithful: “Come to me, a good requital, and give support to me” ( Y. 49.1); “listen to me, have mercy on me, when there is any requital” (Y. 33.11)….

ADAB i. Adab in Iran. ii. Adab in Arabic Literature.

ĀDĀB AL-ḤARB WA’L-ŠAJĀʿA (“The correct usages of war and bravery”), a treatise in a straightforward Persian prose style in the “Mirror for Princes” genre, written by Faḵr-al-dīn Moḥammad b. Manṣūr Mobārakšāh, called Faḵr-e Modabber. He flourished in the late 6th/12th and early 7th/13th century, dying in the reign of the…

ADAB AL-KABĪR, AL-, an Arabic work by Ebn al-Moqaffaʿ dealing largely with Persian manners and court etiquette. Although published many times under this name (in the singular), it is, more accurately, al-Ādāb al-kabīr (in the plural), as it is called by Ebn al-Nadīm (Fehrest, p. 118) and those who cite…

ADAB AL-KĀTEB (“Manual for secretaries”), a work composed by the celebrated Baghdad scholar probably of Khorasanian mawlā origin, Ebn Qotayba (213-76/828-89). It was written during the caliphate of Motawakkel (r. 232-47/847-61) and dedicated to his vizier, Fatḥ b. Ḵāqān. Although its title makes one think of the great line of…

ĀDĀB AL-MAŠQ (“Manual of penmanship”), a short essay on writing the nastaʿlīq hand by the noted Safavid calligrapher Mīr ʿEmād (q.v., 961-1024/1553-54 to 1615-16). It has been argued that the actual author is Bābāšāh Eṣfahānī (Bayānī, Ḵošnevīsān II, pp. 87-89; see also pp. 518-38). The text discusses such topics as…

ADAB AL-ṢAḠĪR, AL-, an Arabic book of wisdom and advice, based on Middle Persian works. Recent discoveries tend to confirm the opinion of scholars such as G. Richter, F. Gabrieli (see bibliography of al-Adab al-kabīr) and ʿA. Eqbāl (cf. M. Ḡafrānī, ʿAbdallāh Ebn al-Moqaffaʿ, Cairo, n.d., p. 127). They held…