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DĀNEŠMAND BAHĀDOR, Mongol com­mander (d. 706/1306). He is possibly to be identified with the Dānešmand Bahādor who headed a band of Qarāʾonās (Qarāvona) in an attack on the Jovayn region in the summer of 689/1290 (Rašīd-al-Dīn, Jāmeʿ al-tawārīḵ, Baku, p. 267; idem, Tārīḵ-eḡāzānī, p. 23). Subsequently he was in the…

DĀNEŠMAND-E ḤĀJEB, Muslim officer in Mongol service in the first half of the 13th century. In 616/1219-20 he was sent by Čengīz Khan to the town of Zarnūq, on the south bank of the Sir Darya (Jaxartes), and induced it to surrender to the Mongols (Jovaynī, ed. Qazvīnī, I, p. 76)….

DANESTAMA, a mud-brick structure on diaper masonry foundations located on the left bank of the Sorḵāb river, 34 km north of Doāb-e Mīḵzarīn on the road to Došī (35° 25’ N, 68° 14’ E). A stone foundation carried a mud-brick edifice that can be reconstructed as a rectangular building 40.40…

DĀNĪĀL B. MOŠEH QŪMESĪ, Persian Jewish scholar and exegete of the Karaite sect, the members of which rejected rabbinical writings later than the Bible itself. The Karaites had many followers among the Jews of Persia. Dānīāl was born in Dāmḡān in the district of Qūmes in the second half of the…

DĀNĪĀL-E NABĪ, the Old Testament prophet Daniel, in the Persian tradition. i. In the biblical and popular traditions. ii. In Sogdian literature. iii. The tomb of Dānīāl. iv. Dānīāl-nāma. i. In the Biblical and Popular Traditions The twenty-second book of the Hebrew Bible bears the name of the prophet Daniel…

DAQĀYEQĪ MARVAZĪ, ŠAMS-AL-DĪN MOḤAMMAD b. ʿAlī , the supposed author of a version of the Baḵtīār­-nāma, who lived from the late 12th to the 13th century. All that is known about him is a brief passage by Moḥammad ʿAwfī (d. ca. 630/1232), who spent his early years in Bukhara and…

DAQĪQĪ, ABŪ MANṢŪR AḤMAD b. Aḥmad, one of the famous poets of the last years of the Samanid (204­-395/819-1005) dynasty. The exact dates of his birth and death are not known, but, because he began to compose the Šāh-nāma at the command of Nūḥ b. Manṣūr (r. 365-87/975-97) and Abu’l-Qāsem…

DĀR AL-ḤARB “the realm of war,” lands not under Islamic rule, a juridical term for certain non-­Muslim territory, though often construed, especially by Western writers, as a geopolitical concept implying the necessity for perpetual, even if generally latent, warfare between the Muslim state and its non-Muslim neighbors (see, e.g., Lambton,…

DĀR AL-FONŪN (lit., “polytechnic college”), a college founded in Tehran in 1268/1851 by Mīrzā Ṭāqī Khan Amīr-e Kabīr (q.v.), which marked the begin­ning of modern education in Persia. Within two years of Amīr Kabīr’s appointment as grand vizier (ṣadr-e aʿẓam) in October 1848 the first steps had been taken to…

DĀR(-E) TANHĀ (lit., “the lonely tree”), an ar­cheological site in the district of Badr, near the village of Jabar, ca. 70 km east-southeast of Īlām, in the province of Pošt-e Kūh. In 1348 Š./1969 two mega­lithic tombs were excavated there by Louis Vanden Berghe of Ghent University, Belgium. Each consisted…