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DĀ O DOḴTAR (lit., “Mother and daughter,” translated by Herzfeld as “The Nurse and the prin­cess”), an important rock-cut tomb, probably of the early Hellenistic period, at the northwestern corner of the Mamasanī region of Fārs. The tomb is situated near Kūpān on the road to Ḵūzestān between Nūrābād and…

DABBĀḠĪ, tanning, the process by which animal skins are made into leather. In southern Persia, in Sīrjān, for example, tanning is also known as ʿamal āvardan (lit., “working the skin”), in the central regions, as at Jandaq, as dast-varzī (lit., “handling, kneading”). Traditional tanning equipment and materials. For an animal…

DABESTĀN (lit., “school”), Persian monthly cul­tural journal published in Mašhad in 1301-02 Š./1922-­23 and 1305-06 Š./1926-27. The first issue appeared on 1 Rabīʿ II 1341/12 October 1922, and the last was printed on 1 Šahrīvar, 1306 Š./24 August 1927. A biweekly journal by the same name had been published in…

DABESTĀN-E MAḎĀHEB (School of religious doctrines), an important text of the Āḏar Kayvānī pseudo-Zoroastrian sect (see āẕar kayvān). It was written anonymously between the years 1055/1645 and 1068/1658 (Rieu, Persian Manuscripts I, pp. 141-­43) and contains information particularly about the prevalent religions of India in the 17th century. The author…

DABĪR (< Mid. Pers. dibīr < Achaemenid Elamite tup-pi-ra; Livshits, 1977, p. 166; Back, p. 207; cf. Arm. dpir), secretary, scribe. i. In the pre-Islamic period. ii. In the Islamic period.   i. In the Pre-Islamic Period According to the Nāma-ye Tansar, secretaries constituted one of the four classes in...

DABĪR-AL-MOLK FARĀHĀNĪ, Mīrzā Moḥammad-Ḥosayn (1225-98/1810-80), director of the private royal secretariat (wazīr-e rasāʾel-e ḵāṣṣa) under Nāṣer-al-Dīn Shah (1264-1313/1848-96). He belonged to a distinguished family of officials, claim­ing descent from the third imam, Ḥosayn b. ʿAlī, and he used the attributive al-Ḥosaynī on his seal (Eʿtemād-al-Salṭana, p. 117). Members of the…

DABĪRE, DABĪRĪ (Mid. Pers. dibīrīh “script”; Man. Mid. Pers. Pahlawānīg dibīrī ud izwān “the Parthian script and language”; cf. Boyce, Reader, p. 40; dabīrī and variants in Islamic sources [see below]; for the exceptional development of the suffix Mid. Pers. -īh into classical Pers. -ih, later -e, beside regular -ī,…

DABUYIDS, the dynasty of espahbads ruling Ṭabarestān until its conquest by the Muslims in 144/761. It is named after its founder Dābūyā (Dābōē, Dādbūya; see Justi, Namenbuch, p. 75), who appears to have reigned at the time of the rise of Islam. The main source for the history of the…

Dād title Dād genre/topic Vocal radif, Dastgāh-e Mahur, guša Dād, language   performer Mahmud Karimi instrument Voice composer  Mirzā ‘Abdollāh, Radif author/poet  Ḥāfeẓ first line of poem  Gar sang az in hadis benālad ‘ajab madār recorded by   place of recording   date of recording   duration 1:52 source Vocal…

DĀD (Av. dāta- “law, right, rule, regulation, stat­ute, command, institution, decision” [AirWb., col. 726]; Mid. Pers. dād “law, canon, regulation, rule, principle, justice, decree, ordinance, attribute”), in the Zoroas­trian tradition the most general term for law, in con­trast to dādestān “civil law, justice, judicial decision, judgment” and kardag “traditional orthodox law,…