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COWELL,EDWARD BYLES (1826-1903), polymath, scholar, and translator from Indian languages and Persian. Cowell was born in Ipswich of a liberal merchant family. He became interested in Oriental languages at the age of fifteen, when he found a copy of Sir William Jones’s works (including his Persian Grammar) in the local…

COX, SIR PERCY ZACHARIAH (b. Herongate, near Brentwood, Essex, England, 20 November 1864, d. Bedford, England, 20 February 1937), officer of the political service in the British Indian government who held several diplomatic posts in the Persian Gulf re­gion in 1893-1923 and played a leading role in nego­tiating the Anglo-Persian…

COYAJEE, SIR JEHANGIR COOVERJI (b. Bombay, 11 September 1875, d. Bombay, 14 July 1943), Parsi economist and student of ancient Iranian mythology. The son of Rajkot Cooverji Coyajee, he studied at Elphinstone College, Bombay, and Caius College, Cambridge. After his return to India in 1930 he taught economics at Presidency…

CRAFTS (ṣanāyeʿ-e/honarhā-ye dastī), categories of hand work in which utilitarian objects of artistic quality are produced. In this article the crafts of 20th-­century Persia will be discussed; for the historical development, see individual entries on media and crafts, for example glass, metalwork, and others cited throughout the article. The modern…

CRANE (kolang < Mid. Pers. kulang; Orm. and Par. kolang; Morgenstierne, pp. 266, 398; cf. Kurmanji Kurdish [ḡāz] qoleng, qoreng, etc.; Mokrī, pp. 102-03; Šīrāzī ḡāz qolang; dornā < Turk. turna; Doerfer, Elemente III, pp. 199-200; Figure 1), any of the large migratory wading birds of the family Gruidae. Three...

CRIMEAN TATAR (Krim-Tatar, Qırım-Tatar), a name for a variety of Turkic-speaking peoples who moved to the Crimean peninsula in the past and are now found in the Crimea; in the steppe north of it (Ukraine); and in the Crimean-Muslim diaspora in Turkey, Uzbekistan, Rumania, Bulgaria, and elsewhere.  The name was…

CRIMINOLOGY, the study of the causation, prevention, and correction of crime. In Persia before the Constitutional movement in the early 20th century (see constitutional revolution i) and again since the establishment of the Islamic Republic in 1358 Š./1979 the concept of crime has been closely linked with that of sin;…

CROCODILE (nahang, Baluchi gandū), Croco­dylus palustris, the marsh crocodile (Figure 1). The marsh croco­dile has been little studied in Persia and did not enter the zoological literature until 1971 (Honegger). Amān-­Allāh Jahānbānī (p. 133) has made reference to the existence of crocodiles in Baluchestan, but the only recorded scientific observations…

CROCUS, generic name of a large number of hardy bulbous flowering plants of the family Iridaceae. Per Wendelbo and Brian Mathew have reported and fully described nine wild species of Crocus L. from Persia and some adjacent areas (pp. 2-11; see also Parsa, pp. 114-21; Wendelbo, pp. 60-63; Matine, pp….