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COOPERATIVES (šerkat-e taʿāwonī), economic organizations owned jointly by and operated for the benefit of groups of individuals. Such cooperatives were first introduced and recognized in Persia under the Commercial code (Qānūn-e tejārat) of 1303 Š./1924, which provided for both production (tawlīd) and consumer (maṣraf) cooperatives. Since the 1940s the state…

ČOPOQ, ČEPOQ (< Turk. čobuq < Pers. čūbak “wood” < Mid. Pers. čōbag “wand, arrowshaft,” čōb “wood, stick”), a long-stemmed pipe with a small bowl for smoking tobacco, distinct from the ḡ/qalyān, or water pipe. Tobacco was reportedly introduced to Persia by the Portuguese in 999/1590-91 (Pūr-e Dāwūd, pp. 199,...

COPPER (Pers. mes, Ar. naḥās, ṣofr), the metallic element Cu. In this article copper in Islamic Persia is discussed (for earlier periods, see BRONZE). i. In Islamic Persia ii. Copper resources in Iran Although copper is mentioned in geographical texts much less often than the precious metals, it appears to…

COPPER ii. COPPER RESOURCES IN IRAN Introduction. The archeological evidence discovered at Sialk (Kashan district, Isfahan province) and other mining localities such as Tālmesi and Anārak (Anārak district, Isfahan province), and Tall-e Eblis (in Kerman), indicates that several of the earliest sites of copper extraction were located in Iran. The…

COPTIC MANICHEAN TEXTS. Until the turn of this century Manicheism (see chinese turkestan vii; Ries, 1988; van Tongerloo, 1991) was known exclusively from secondary sources, mainly Christian, Zoroastrian, Buddhist, and Islamic heresiological writings by opponents of Mani (216-76 c.e.). At the beginning of the 20th century discoveries along the Silk…

COPYRIGHT (ḥaqq-e moʾallef, a direct transla­tion of the French droit d’auteur), the exclusive right to reproduce, publish, and sell the matter or form of a created work, for example, a novel or musical compo­sition. In Persia this right is regulated by two laws dating from the last decade of the…

CORAL, the skeletal deposit of marine polyps, often treated as a gem material. In classical Persian it was called bossad (< Mid. Pers. wassad; cf. the variant vossad, recorded in some old dictionaries, e.g., Borhān-­e qāṭeʿ, ed. Moʿīn, s.v.; cf. Ḥamza Eṣfahānī [10th century], quoted by Bīrūnī, 1936, p. 191:...

ČORĀS, ŠĀH-MAḤMŪD b. Mīrzā Fāżel, historian of the 17th-century Chaghatay khanate (see chinese turkestan v) in Moḡūlestān and hagiographer and staunch supporter of the “Black Mountain” khojas. Čorās (Jarās in Ḥaydar Dūḡlāt, tr., p. 308) was the name of a Mongol tribe, attested from the mid-14th century; through the 15th…

CORBIN, HENRY (b. Paris 14 April 1903, d. Paris 7 October 1978), French philosopher and orientalist best known as a major interpreter of the Persian role in the development of Islamic thought. CORBIN’S LIFE AND THOUGHT Corbin was the son of Henri Arthur, a business executive, and Eugénie Fournier Corbin….

CORIANDER, Coriandrum sativum L. (Mid. Pers. k/gišnīz, NPers. gešnīz, Kurd. kešneš, Taj. kašnīj/z, Bal. kīnīč and gēnīč, Rīšahri, gešnī, Azeri gešnīz and gašnīš), an herb indigenous to the Mediterranean area, the Caucasus, and Persia (Levey, in Kendī, pp. 326-27 no. 263) and valued for its aromatic leaves and seeds. Early…

ČORMĀGŪN (Mongol Čormaḡun; in Pers. also written Jūrmāḡūn), Mongol general and military gov­ernor in Persia, d. ca. 639/1242. His name, sometimes encountered as Čormaḡan, is a diminutive form of Čorman (see Cleaves). According to Rašīd-al-Dīn (Jāmeʿ al-tawārīḵ, Moscow, p. 150), he was a quiver bearer (qoṛčī) to Čengīz Khan and…

CORMICK, JOHN (sometimes erroneously identified as Charles; d. Mayāmey, near Nīšāpūr, October 1833), one of the first English surgeons to work in Persia and personal physician to the crown prince ʿAbbās Mīrzā. Cormick, who came from County Tipperary in Ireland, qualified as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons…

CORMICK, WILLIAM (b. Tabrīz 1822, d. Tabrīz 25 Ḏu’l-ḥejja 1294/30 December 1877), a British physician in Tabrīz. Cormick was the son of the Irish physician John Cormick and an Armenian woman of Tabrīz. When he was ten years old his father sent him to England to be educated. He studied medicine…