Explore Iranica

1974 The Encyclopaedia Iranica is founded by Eḥsan Yāršāṭer; the first volume is published in 1982. 1974 Ḵosrow Golsorḵi (b. 1941), poet, art critic, and leftist political activist is executed. 1974 Moḥammad Hejāzi (b. 1901), novelist, short story writer admired for his prose style, conservative senator, author of Āyineh (1959) and Zibā (1961), dies. 1974 Henrik Samuel Nyberg (b. 1889),…

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES THAT OCCUR IN THE CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE Abaev, Vasiliĭ Ivanovich 2001 Abaqa, the Ilkhan 1265 ʿAbbās I (the Great) 1588-1629 ʿAbbās II 1642-49 ʿAbbās III 1732 ʿAbbās Mirzā 1810-33 ʿAbd-al-Bahāʾ 1892 Abu Bakr 622-34 Abu Moslem 747-55 Abu Naṣr Manṣur 1036 Abu Said 1316 Achaemenes c. 705…

CHUBAK, Sadeq (Ṣādeq Čubak, b. Bušehr, 5 August 1916; d. Berkeley, Calif., 3 July 1998), one of most acclaimed Persian short story writers and novelists of the 20th century (FIGURE 1). His father Hāj Esmāʿil was an affluent merchant, trading primarily with India and Great Britain. Chubak completed his elementary…

CHURNS AND CHURNING (Pers. kara-sāzī), de­vices and associated techniques for processing milk into butter. The populations of Persia and Afghanistan are major consumers of dairy products, which, with bread, constitute the basis of their traditional diet. Milk is rarely consumed in raw form but is processed in various ways, depending…

CH’IEN HAN SHU (Qian Han shu) “History of the Former Han Dynasty,” a historical work which includes information on Iran. It was originally simply called the Han shu and is often still referred to by that name. It is the second of the series of Twenty-four Standard Histories. Its author,…

ČIÇANTAXMA (OPers. č-i-ç-t-x-m, Elamite Zi-iš-ša-in/an-tak-ma, Babylonian Ši-it-ra-an-taḫ-ma, Šī-tir-an-taḫ-mu), an Iranian personal name signifying “brave in lineage” (originally from the phrase *čiθram taxmam “the lineage [is] brave”); aside from this hybrid form, it is also attested in pure variants in both Median *Çiθrantaxma­- (Elamite Zi-ut-ra-an-tak-ma; see Hinz and Koch, p. 1306;…

CICERO, as a source for Parthian history. In 51 b.c.e., two years after the Parthian destruction of the Roman legions at Carrhae, the Roman statesman and political philosopher Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 b.c.e.), was chosen governor (formal title proconsul) of the province of Cilicia and unwillingly took up the post…

ČĪDAG ANDARZ Ī PŌRYŌTKĒŠĀN (Selected precepts of the ancient sages), a post-Sasanian compendium of apothegms intended to instruct every Zoroastrian male, upon his attaining the age of fifteen years, in fundamental religious and ethical principles, as well as in the daily duties incumbent upon him. It is also called Pand-nāmag…

ČIHRDĀD NASK, one of the lost nasks of the Avesta. In the first chapter of book VIII of the Pahlavi Dēnkard it is listed as one of the legal (dādīg) nasks, possibly in error because of the second element of its name, but said to be “made for the Law with…