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ABU’L-ḴAYR B. AL-ḴAMMĀR, ḤASAN B. SOVĀR B. BĀBĀ B. BAHNĀM (or BAHRĀM), Nestorian Christian physician, philosopher, theologian, and translator, b. Rabīʿ I, 331/November, 942 in Baghdad. In philosophy he was a student of Yaḥyā b. ʿAdī (d. 364/974), head of the Aristotelian school then known as the logicians (manṭeqīyūn). It…

ABU’L-ḴAYR KHAN B. DAWLAT SHAIKH OḠLĀN, of the descendants of Šïban (the younger son of Joči), the ruler of the Uzbek nomadic state in Dašt-e Qïpčaq in the 15th century A.D. He was born in 1412 (the year of the dragon), when the former ulus of Šïban was divided in…

ABU’L-LAYṮ NAṢR B. MOḤAMMAD B. AḤMAD SAMARQANDĪ, productive Hanafite jurist, author of a Koran commentary and of popular paraenetical works; d. Monday night, 10/11 Jomādā II 373/19 November 983, obviously at not very advanced age (Ebn Abi’l-Wafāʾ, al-Jawāher al-możīʾa, Hyderabad, 1332/1913-14, II, p. 196; the exact correspondence of day and…

ABU’L-MAṮAL BOḴĀRĪ (or BOḴĀRĀʾĪ), a poet of the Samanid court. He is mentioned earliest in a verse of Šāker Boḵārī (4th/10th cent.; Ṣafā, Adabīyāt I, p. 399). Manūčehrī Dāmḡānī refers to him twice, once by name and again as one of the “five (poets) from Bokhara” (Dīvān, 3rd ed., M….

ABU’L-MAʿĀLĪ MOḤAMMAD B. ʿOBAYDALLĀH B. ʿALĪ, author of Bayān al-adyān, the oldest work on religions and sects written in Persian. From the somewhat abbreviated genealogy which he gives in the preface, it becomes clear that he was an ʿAlid. A comparison with Ebn ʿEnaba (ʿOmdat al-ṭāleb, Naǰaf, 1381/1961, p. 331.2ff.)…

ABU’L-MAʿṢŪM MĪRZĀ, painter, portraitist, draftsman, engraver, and expert in artistic bookbinding and restoring who was extolled by the historian Qāżī Aḥmad. He is not mentioned by any other authors. Nothing is known of his works. On his mother’s side he was related to Shah Moḥammad Ḵodābanda (985-95/1578-86). He is said…

ABU’L-MOẒAFFAR ḴᵛĀFĪ, AḤMAD B. MOḤAMMAD B. AL-MOẒAFFAR, d. in Ṭūs in 500/1106, Shafeʿite jurist and traditionist. He was one of the most important students of Emām-al-ḥaramayn Jovaynī (d. 478/1085) and a friend of Ḡazālī. For some years he served as qāżī of Ṭūs, but he was eventually deposed from office.

ABU’L-MOʾAYYAD BALḴĪ, an early Persian poet and writer of the Samanid period, whose works have almost entirely disappeared. The details of his life are not known, but his works indicate a keen interest in Iranian antiquity, a knowledge of Pahlavi, and good acquaintance with Mazdean tradition. His major work seem…

ABU’L-QĀSEM EBRĀHĪM SOLṬĀN, MĪRZĀ, only son of Kāmrān Mīrzā, the brother and rival of the Mughal emperor Homāyūn (r. 937-47, 962-63/1530-40, 1555-56). An incident of symbolic significance, placed in the year 952/1545 (or 951/1544), is related in the Akbar-nāma (tr. I, pp. 455-56): The boys Abu’l-Qāsem and Akbar, sons of…

ABU’L-QĀSEM ESḤĀQ B. MOḤAMMAD B. ESMĀʿĪL B. EBRĀHĪM B. ZAYD SAMARQANDĪ, ḤAKĪM, Hanafite scholar, Sufi, and judge (qāżī) of Samarqand. He studied in Balḵ under the prominent Hanafite scholar Moḥammad b. Ḵozayma Qallās (d. 314/926). Also in Balḵ he became a disciple of the Sufi Abū Bakr Moḥammad b. ʿOmar…

ABU’L-QĀSEM HĀRŪN B. ʿALĪ B. ẒAFAR DANDĀN, RABĪB-AL-DONYĀ WA’L-DĪN, vizier of Atabeg Ozbek b. Moḥammad b. Eldagōz, ruler of Azerbaijan, 607-22/1210-25. He is known in the sources as a patron of learning, to whom Saʿd-al-dīn Varāvīnī dedicated his Marzbān-nāma, and as an acquaintance and source of information for Moḥammad Nasavī,…

ABU’L-QĀSEM AL-BALḴĪ AL-KAʿBĪ, ʿABDALLĀH B. AḤMAD B. MAḤMŪD (d. Šaʿbān, 319/February, 931), administrator and intellectual of Persian descent, Hanafite jurist and foremost representative of the Moʿtazela in Khorasan. His father had known ʿAbdallāh b. Ṭāher (d. 230/844) personally. Abu’l-Qāsem seems to have stood in a long kottāb tradition (see Taʾrīḵ…

ABU’L-QĀSEM KERMĀNĪ, author of a Ketāb fī oṣūl al-aḥkām (“Book concerning the foundations of astrological judgments”). He may be identical with a namesake who was a contemporary of Ebn Sīnā (A.D. 980-1037). Bibliography : Suter, Mathematiker, p. 95, no. 205. Sezgin, GAS VII, pp. 193-94.

ABU’L-QĀSEM KHAN EBRĀHĪMĪ, ḤĀJJ, SARKĀR ĀQĀ, fourth head of the Kermānī branch of the Šayḵī school of Shiʿism. Abu’l-Qāsem was born in Kermān on 23 Ḏu’l-Ḥeǰǰa 1314/25 May 1897, the son of Ḥāǰǰ Zayn-al-ʿābedīn Khan, his predecessor in the office, and the grandson of Ḥāǰǰ Moḥammad Karīm Khan Kermānī, the…