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ČAMRŪŠ (or Činamrūs; Mēnōg ī xrad, chap. 61.11), a mythical bird that in the Pahlavi books, of all birds of land and sky, is second only to the Sēn bird (Av. saēna-mərəγa-, Mid. Pers. sēn murw, Pers. sīmorḡ) in worth, for “whoever performs a great deed, his worth is great”…

CANADA i. Iranian Studies in i) The Development of Iranian Studies in Canada Several factors in the last half-century have led to a rapid expansion of Iranian studies in Canada. Part of this development has its roots in the post World War II expansion in Canada’s economic and political influence…

CANADA v. Iranian Community in Canada The immigration records of the organization Statistics Canada for the period between 1896 and 1915 date the arrival of the first Iranian immigrants to between 1901 and 1902. Although the following year saw a steep rise to forty immigrants from Iran, the numbers fluctuate…

CANDLE (Pers.-Ar. šamʿ). The Arabic word (Ar. also šamaʿ) literally means “beeswax” (Ebn Manẓūr; Dehḵodā), for which Persian uses mūm (Dehḵodā, Moʾīn, s.v.). i. Making and Uses. ii. Imagery in poetry. i. Making and Uses Candles are a relatively late invention in human history. Egyptologists sometimes refer to candles and…

CANDLESTICKS. From the late 6th/12th through the early 10th/16th century the candlestick was one of the most common types of implement produced as a luxury metalware in Iran. Fabricated of bronze or brass, cast or raised from sheet, and inlaid with precious metal or tinned over to produce a silvery…

ČANDRA BHĀN (or Čandarbhān) BARAHMAN, Indian poet and writer in Persian (b. Lahore, date unknown, d. Lahore 1073/1662-63; Fārūqī, 1967a, p. 79) of a family of Brahmins (hence his pen name Barahman). His father, Dharam Das, was a govern­ment official (Čahār čaman, fol. 99). Barahman was probably the first gifted…

ČANDŪ LAʿL (Lāl) ŠĀDĀN, Maharaja, states­man and poet in Persian and Urdu (b. 1175/1761-62, d. 7 Rabīʿ II 1261/15 April 1845 at Hyderabad). He was the son of Raey Narāen Dās, who came from Rai Bareilly (Nassāḵ, p. 237), and belonged to a famous family of Khatris (a Hindu caste)…

CANDYS (Gk. kándys), name probably of Iranian origin used by Greek authors for a Persian garment; the name may be reconstructed as Old Persian *kandu­- (beside Median *kanzu-ka-, in Elamite kan-su-ka, Par­thian qnjwg, etc., “cloak”; cf. M. Schwartz apud I. Gershevitch, TPS, 1979, p. 149 n. 37) or as Old…

ČANG “harp” (Pahl. čang, mentioned in Xusrō ī Kawādān ud rēdag, pars. 62-63), a musical instrument of the free-stringed family. According to Schaeffner (p. 128) the harp stems from the bowstring used by hunters and warriors in prehistoric times. The string or gut fastened onto the hollow cane of the…

ČANGRANGHĀČA-NĀMA, a narrative work in Persian verse by Zartošt or Zarātošt, son of Bahrām-e Paždū, a poet of the 7th/13th century. The work consists of 600 distichs (excluding the final passage) in the hazaj meter, 345 of which contain praises of God and the prophet Zardošt, a statement of the…

CANNIZZARO, FRANCESCO ADOLFO (b. Messina, 13 July 1867; d. Rome, 24 April 1914), Italian autodidact of Oriental languages and translator of the Vidēvdād. In 1887 he entered the University of Rome, where he divided his time between the study of law and pursuit of his philological and orientalist interests (attending…

ČĀP “print, printing,” a Persian word probably derived from Hindi chāpnā, “to print” (see Turner, no. 4994; cf. the terms čhāpa, čhāpagarī [sic] used by Abū Ṭāleb, p. 212). When printing with type was first introduced in Persia in the early 11th/17th century the Turkish term bāsma “to stamp” was used….

ČĀPĀR (or čapar < Turk. čapmak “to gallop”), post rider. Although the term čāpār was already used in this sense in the 7th/13th century (Ebn Bībī, 680/1281; cf. Köprülü, pp. 28-31), it was only in the 10th/16th century, under Safavid rule, that it became current in Persia, replacing the equivalent...

CAPITAL CITIES i. In Pre-Islamic times. ii. In Islamic times.   i. In Pre-Islamic Times Iranians most probably first coalesced into an organ­ized community in the Jaxartes and Oxus basins (see most recently Francfort, pp. 165ff.) and gradually migrated westward, eventually reaching as far west as Babylonia on the Mesopotamian…