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Čakāvak title Čakāvak genre/topic Dastgāh-e Homāyun, guše-he Čakāvak language   performer Mahmud Karimi instrument  Voice composer   author/poet Sa‘di first line of poem to rā če ğam ke yeki az ğamat be jān āyad recorded by   place of recording   date of recording   duration 1:30 source Vocal Radif…

ČAKĀVAK (Mid. Pers. čakōk). i: The lark. ii: A melody in Persian music. i: The Lark Of the nineteen species of lark (family Alaudidae, order Passeriformes) recorded by Hüe and Étchécopar for the Near and Middle East (pp. 465-93) twelve species are represented both in Iran and Afghanistan, with five…

ČĀL (Šāl), a village in the Qazvīn province, where the Čāli subdialect of Southern Tati is spoken.   1. The village. Čāl, officially called Šāl, is a village of about 6,000 inhabitants (5,546 according to the 1335 Š./1956 census; Āmār-e ʿOmūmī) situated at 49° 47’ E, 35° 54’ N, 30…

ČĀL TARḴĀN (Čāl Tarḵān-ʿEšqābād), a site about 20 km southeast of Ray with remains from the late Sasanian and early Islamic periods. In the 1920s clandestine excavations first brought to light a group of carved stuccoes said to come from the site, which was then called Čahār Tarḵān or Čāl…

ČALABĪĀNLŪ, a Turkicized tribe dwelling, for the most part, in the dehestān of Garmādūz in Aras­bārān (q.v., formerly Qarājadāḡ) region of northern Azerbaijan. Its summer pastures are around Ḥūrmogān (dehestān of Kaleybar), half-way between Ahar and the Aras river; its winter pastures are around Ḵānbāḡī (dehestān of Garmādūz), some 40…

ČĀLDERĀN, battle of, an engagement fought near Ḵᵛoy in northwestern Azerbaijan on 2 Rajab 920/23 August 1514 (Figure 1), resulting in a decisive victory for the Ottoman forces under Sultan Salīm I (r. 918-26/1512-­20) over the Safavids led by Shah Esmāʿīl I (r. 907-­30/1501-24). The contemporary chroniclers tended to cite…

CALENDARS i. Pre-Islamic calendars. ii. In the Islamic period. iii. Afghan calendars. iv. Other modern calendars.   i. Pre-Islamic Calendars Although evidence of calendrical traditions in Iran can be traced back to the 2nd millennium B.C., before the lifetime of Zoroaster (see discussion of the Zoroas­trian calendar below), the earliest calendar…

CALIPHS AND THE CALIPHATE, as viewed by the Shiʿites of Persia. Shiʿite attitudes in rejection of the legitimacy of the first three caliphs, as well as the caliphs of the Omayyad and ʿAbbasid dynasties, first entered Persia toward the end of the Omayyad period with the establishment there of the…

CALLIAS, PEACE OF, peace made by Xerxes and/or Artaxerxes I with Athens and her confederacy in the 5th century b.c. The stele recording it, destroyed in the Peloponnesian War, seems to have been reengraved and set up in Athens after the King’s Peace (q.v.) imposed by the king on the Greeks…

CALLIGRAPHY (ḵaṭṭāṭī, ḵᵛošnevīsī). Introduction. The writing system in use in Persia since early Islamic times grew out of the Arabic alphabet. Comparison of some of the scripts that developed on Persian ground, particularly Persian-style Kufic, with the Pahlavi and Avestan scripts reveals a number of similarities between them, and this…

CALLIGRAPHY (continued) – Click here to go the beginning of the article. VII. Calligraphy outside Persia. Regional styles. In the handwriting of the various Muslim peoples, three distinct styles are recognizable: Turco-Arab, Persian, and Indo-Afghan. In the style once current in Turkey and the similar styles now prevalent in the…

CALLISTHENES, the name of a Greek historian of the period of Alexander the Great. A History of Alexander of romantic and legendary character has been incorrectly ascribed to Callisthenes. It is now commonly referred to as “Pseudo Callisthenes” or the Alexander Romance. Callisthenes. Callisthenes was born at Olynthus in Macedonia,…