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BŪ ḤALĪM (or Bāhalīm) ŠAYBĀNĪ, a family of military commanders and governors in northern India under the later Ghaznavid sultans in the late 5th/11th and early 6th/12th centuries. The nesba Šay­bān need only indicate an attempt to acquire an affiliation to the great Arab tribe of Šaybān of Bakr b….

Search terms:  بو کرد، آل bu kurd  bookord boukourd

Search terms:  بوشعیب هروی boshoayb heravi boshoayb heravy bushuayb herawi

BŪDAG, a Middle Persian philosophical and legal term with specialized meanings. Formally it is a nominal derivative in -ak/g of the perfect participle of būdan “to become,” meaning “be/become (liable), becoming.” The philosophical aspect. Būdag occurs in Mazdean theological and philosophical texts in the sense of “material becoming, genesis,” the…

Search terms:  بودنه budane boodaneh  

BUDĀQ MONŠI QAZVINI (b. Qazvin, 916/1510-11), author of the Jawāher al-aḵbār, a universal history of a substantial part of the Persianate world, and member of the Safavid financial administration during the reign of Shah Ṭahmāsb I (r. 1524-76). Family background. Budāq belonged to a family of notables from Qazvin.  His…

Search terms:  بوذرجمهر bouzarjomehr bouzarjoumehr boozarjomehr

BŪḎARJOMEHRĪ, Major General (sar-laškar) Karīm Āqā (b. 1265/1886 in Kāšān, d. 1330 Š./1951 in Tehran), military officer, mayor of Tehran, and minister of Public Welfare. After some elementary education he worked as an errand boy before becoming a bricklayer. He moved to Tehran before the organization of the Constitutional movement…

BUDDHISM among Iranian peoples.  i. In pre-Islamic Times. ii. In Islamic Times. iii. Buddhist Literature in Khotanese and Tumshuqese. iv. Buddhist Sites in Afghanistan and Central Asia.   Search terms:  بودا گرایی،آیین بودایی      

BUDDHISM i. In Pre-Islamic Times Origin and early spread of Buddhism. Buddhism arose in northeast India in the sixth century b.c. as the result of the teaching of the historical Buddha Śākyamuni, who died about 483 b.c. During the years after his death his followers were active in establishing the…

BUDDHISM ii. In Islamic Times The Muslim conquerors of eastern Iran, Afghanistan, and Transoxania in the mid-8th century found Bud­dhism flourishing in a series of prosperous trading communities along the old caravan routes to India and China. Descriptions of rich monastery complexes have been preserved in the reports of Hsüan…

BUDDHISM iii. Buddhist Literature in Khotanese and Tumshuqese A substantial number of manuscripts and manuscript fragments have come to light since the end of the last century that contain texts written in the Middle Iranian language known as Khotanese (sometimes called Khotan Saka), the language spoken in the realm of…

BUDDHISM iv. BUDDHIST SITES IN AFGHANISTAN AND CENTRAL ASIA The spread of Buddhism beyond the Indian subcontinent accelerated under the Mauryan king Aśoka (r. 265–238 BCE; see BUDDHISM i). An active proponent of Buddhism, he sent out religious missions and stated some of the Buddhist principles in inscriptions. In his…

BŪF, owl, commonly called joḡd. Of the thirteen species of Strigiformes reported by Hüe and Étchécopar (pp. 401-19) for the Near and Middle East eleven species, from two families, occur in Iran (see also Scott et al., pp. 197-206): 1. the barn owl, Tyto alba Scop. (fam. Tytonidae); 2. the…