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BORŪJERDĪ, ḤOSAYN b. Moḥammad-Reżā Ḥosaynī, Shiʿite scholar of the Qajar period, noted chiefly for his works on ʿelm al-rejāl. His dates of birth and death are given varyingly in different sources: 1227-­76/1812-59 (al-Ḏarīʿa XXIV, p. 99); 1238-77/1823-60 (Modarres, I, pp. 252-53); d. 1284/1867 (Qomī, p. 155). His father was a…

BORŪJERDĪ, AYATOLLAH ḤĀJJ ĀQĀ ḤOSAYN ṬABĀṬABĀʾĪ (1292-1380/1875-1961), director (zaʿīm) of the religious teaching institution (ḥawza) at Qom for seventeen years and sole marjaʿ-e taqlīd of the Shiʿite world for fifteen years. He was born in Ṣafar, 1292/March-April, 1875, in the western Iranian city of Borūjerd to a family of scholars…

Borumand – Daramads of šur title Borumand – Daramads of šur genre/topic Dastgāh šur, darāmad 1, 2, 3, 4 language   performer Nur ‘Ali Borumand instrument Tār composer   author/poet   first line of poem   recorded by Stephen Blum place of recording Urbana, Illinois, USA date of recording May 6,…

BORŪMAND, NŪR-ʿALĪ (b. 1905, d. 30 Dey 1355 Š./20 January 1977), one of the foremost authorities on the performance and history of Persian classical music in the 20th century. Born in Tehran to the family of a jeweler with roots in Isfahan, he became acquainted with Persian classical music in…

BORZMEHR (Pahlavi, lit. “deep affection”) one of the priests (mōbed) and scribes who served Ḵosrow I (r. 531-79). Borzmehr was among those who opposed the succession of Hormoz and was thus, according to Ṯaʿālebī (Ḡorar, p. 638), murdered during the reign of Hormoz IV (579-90). However according to Ferdowsī (Šāh-nāma,…

BORZŪ-NĀMA, an epic poem of ca. 65,000 lines recounting the exploits and adventures of the legendary hero Borzū, son of Sohrāb. The poem is ascribed by Anquetil Duperron to one ʿAṭāʾī, who has been identi­fied by Blochet as ʿAmīd Abu’l-ʿAlāʾ ʿAṭāʾ b. Yaʿqūb Kāteb Rāzī (q.v.), known variously as Nākūk,…

BORZU-NĀMA (Barzu-nāma), an epic poem named after its main hero, Borzu, son of Sohrāb and grandson of Rostam. The Borzu-nāma belongs to the Sistān cycle of epics dealing with the dynasty of the princes of Sistān, amongst whom Rostam has a pivotal role. It is believed that Ferdowsi used material…

BORZŪYA (also transcribed Burzōē), a physician of the time of Ḵosrow I (r. 531-79) and responsible for a translation of the Pañcatantra from Sanskrit to Pahlavi, the Persian translation of which is known as the Kalīla wa Demna. Eṣṭaḵrī (p. 262) gives his birth­place as Abaršahr, which is the ancient…

BOSḤĀQ (Abū Esḥāq) AṬʿEMA, FAḴR-AL-DĪN ḤALLĀJ ŠĪRĀZĪ (some sources have Jamāl-al-Din: Nafīsī, Naẓm o naṯr, pp. 296-97; Ṣafā, Adabīyāt IV, p. 244), satirical poet who used Persian culinary vocabulary and imagery and kitchen terminology to create a novel style of poetry. Although in formal matters he followed classical models, he…

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: Persian Influence in Ottoman and post-Ottoman times. During their long association with the Ottomans, which began in the mid-15th century and ended effectively with the imposition of Austro-Hungarian rule in 1878, the Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina (the Austro-Hungarian administrative name) came to assimilate virtually all the cultural habits…

BOŠRŪʾĪ (Bošrūyaʾī), MOLLĀ MOḤAMMAD­-ḤOSAYN (1229-65/1814-49), Shaikhi ʿālem who became the first convert to Babism, provincial Babi leader in Khorasan, and organizer of Babi resistance in Māzandarān. Born in Bošrūya, Khorasan, the son of a local merchant, he studied from an early age in Mašhad, where he appears to have become…

BOST, archeological site and town located near the confluence of the Helmand and Arḡandāb rivers in southwest Afghanistan. i. The archeological site. ii. Modern Bost (Laškargāh).   i. The Archeological Site The monuments at Bost include remains from periods of ancient Iranian, Greco-Roman, and ancient Indian domination, as well as…

BOSTĀN AL-SĪĀḤA, a descriptive geography book by a mystic writer of the early 13th/19th century, Mast-ʿAlīšāh, Ḥājī Zayn-al-ʿĀbedīn b. Mollā Eskandar Šīrvānī, who used the pen name Tamkīn. Zayn-al-ʿĀbedīn was born in mid-Šaʿbān, 1194/1780, at Šamāḵī in the district of Šīrvān (west of Bākū). When he was five years old,…

BOSTĀNAFRŪZ, amaranth, a medicinal and ornamental plant of the family Amaranthaceae called gol-e ḥalwā, gol-e Yūsof, zolf-e ʿarūsān, or most commonly, tāj(-e) ḵorūs (rooster’s crest). In Iran nine species are represented. Amaranthuscaudatus (love-lies-bleeding amaranth) is cul­tivated mainly for the showy blood-red color of its flowers. It is also called bārūnak…

BOSTĪ, ABU’L-FATḤ NEẒĀM-AL-DĪN ʿAMĪD ʿALĪ b. Moḥammad b. Ḥosayn b. Yūsof Kāteb, a notable bilingual secretary and poet of the 4th/10th century. (His fulll name, according to Yāqūt, I, p. 612, was Abu’l-Fatḥ ʿAlī b. Moḥammad [or Aḥmad] b. Ḥosayn b. Moḥammad b. ʿAbd-al-ʿAzīz.) He was born in Bost, Sīstān,…